Chatper 4

Question 1

Hunter-Gatherers

Answer 1

—depend on existing wildlife to meet their basic needs. Culture based on a nomadic
existence

Question 2

Pastoral

Answer 2

—early domestication of animals (also nomadic)

Question 3

Horticultural

Answer 3

—early cultivation of plants as main food source; the first permanent settlements, especially in
areas that had hospitable climate and reliable access to water—e.g., early Mesopotamia

Question 4

Agricultural

Answer 4

—use of sophisticated tools and methods to produce food (produce and livestock). Large surplus
leads to ability to devote activity to “other” pursuits; distinct classes emerge

Question 5

Feudal

Answer 5

—largely agricultural society characterized by large land holders (lords) and small, subsistence
farmers (serfs)

Question 6

Industrial

Answer 6

—rise of large scale, mechanized production, urbanization, and “modern” capitalist societies

Question 7

Post-Industrial/Post-Modern

Answer 7

—the current period with the most affluent economies
information technology and the service sector

Question 8

HOW DO SOCIETIES LAST?(Socilzation)

Answer 8

All societies must teach the culture to its members- lifelong process that is referred to as socialization

Each society must realize ways to pass their culture along to its memebrs

Question 9

Socialization Defintion

Answer 9

The lifelong process of learning how to adapt to a society’s culture

Question 10

Cases of extreme isolation show the need for what?

Answer 10

socialization for human developments

Negotiation of our needs, wants and desires within specific material and cultural context

Question 11

G. H. Mead’s concept of the self (following Cooley’s looking-glass self)

Answer 11

as a social
product that must be cultivated through meaningful interaction with others

Who we are are a product of symbloc intercation

Early development of the self dependent upon sigifcant others within the family

Question 12

Primary Socialization

Answer 12

involves parents teaching children how to interact with culture, language skills and adoption of norms, values, beliefs

Question 13

Limitation stage

Answer 13

most basic form of learning acceptable behavior( watch what you say/do)

Question 14

Play stage

Answer 14

important for children to start developed concept of their self by taking the role of the other

Question 15

Secondary Socialization

Answer 15

Schools as the most important agent of secondary socialization
* Game stage fully developed through group play—extracurricular activities

Question 16

School is where generalized other is ____

Answer 16

is fully realized through formal setting where skills, beliefs, values, norms are reinforced in standirzed manner

Question 17

Peer Groups

Answer 17

are also important for secondary socialization as non-family members also become signifcant others(potential for tension/conflict)

Question 18

Mass Media

Answer 18

Other agent of socialization

Increasingly importsnt way that people develop a sense of their sleves via tech mediated communication

Question 19

Anticipartory Socialzatipn

Answer 19

we prepare for future roles before we occupy them

-adult
-worker
-Romactic Partner
-Retirement

Question 20

Resocialization Via Total Institutions

Answer 20

total Institutions attempt to un-do previous sense of self
* Military, Prisons, Mental Hospitals, Cults
* Degradation Ceremonies strip individuals of their established sense of self
* Attempt to separate from symbols of an individual’s established identity
* Reduced to just another soldier, inmate, patient, etc.
* Largely stripped of personal items, distinct dress, etc.
* Routinized behavior; little room for expressions of individuality
* Attempt to unlearn previous sense of self so new self may emerge