Chatper 8

Question 1

Cues

Answer 1

Pieces of info that are associated with a memory

Question 2

Target memory

Answer 2

The piece of memory that you actually want to retrieve

Question 3

Memory search

Answer 3

When we begin to look through our memories

Question 4

Given multiple ____, we ____ other cues to retrieve a ____ memory

Answer 4

Cues; Retrieve; Complete

Question 5

Pattern completion

Answer 5

When retrieving features that were not cues

Question 6

Processes during and after retrieval ____ whether memories are actually what we wanted

Answer 6

Monitor

Question 7

The study by Fernandes and Moscovitch (2000, 2003) found that retrieval on word recall was the most affected by ____ ____ tasks

Answer 7

Divided attention (any secondary tasks)

Question 8

What makes a good memory cue?

Answer 8

• Relevant (ex. Encoding context, associated with meaning)
• More cues (more information about the target memory)
• Strongly associated with the target memory

Question 9

What did Anderson and Pichert (1978) study show about retrieval strategy?

Answer 9

Participants were more likely to retrieve the items in the house that were more relevant to the perspective that they have adopted before reading
- Impact what information and how much information is retrieved

Question 10

Attention is important for both ____ and ____ processes but may be a little less important at ____

Answer 10

encoding and retrieval; retrieval

Question 11

DRM effect

Answer 11

In a list of semantically related words, a non presented high associate of these words is often falsely remembered
*Older adults are more susceptible to false memories

Question 12

Misinformation involves ___ information about an event that can ____ memory recall and recognition.

Answer 12

Misleading; distort

Question 13

Schema

Answer 13

A kind of conceptual organization that can help us encode and retrieve information

Question 14

Retrieval can go wrong when it is influenced by a ____ and when that may not be correct for that ____

Answer 14

Schema; Situation

Question 15

Brewer and Treyens (1981) had participants wait in an office, then asked about what was in an office. Participants ___ remembered ____ consistent items with an office setting that was not actually there.

Answer 15

Falsely; schema

Question 16

Source monitoring error

Answer 16

When we do not correctly remember the source of a memory

Question 17

Cryptomnesia

Answer 17

When we believe that we generated something that is actually a memory with a forgotten source

Question 18

The encoding specificity effect states that…

Answer 18

Retrieval is more likely to be successful if the conditions at recall are similar to those that occurred at encoding

Question 19

Spreading activation

Answer 19

Process during and after retrieval that monitors whether memories are actually what we wanted

Question 20

Semantic priming

Answer 20

The finding that word processing is facilitated by the prior presentation of a semantically related word

Question 21

Encoding specificity effect

Answer 21

Retrieval is more likely to be successful if the conditions at recall are similar to those that occurred at encoding

Question 22

Context-dependent memory is better retrieved in similar ____ context as ____.

Answer 22

physical; encoding

Question 23

State-dependent memory uses a person’s ____ state as context, which may be induced by a ____ (alcohol, caffeine) or other ____ processes (exercise)

Answer 23

Internal; drug; physiological

Question 24

Mood-dependent memory

Answer 24

Information of any type that is learned in a mood is easier to recall in that mood

Question 25

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 25

Information that matches that mood is easier to recall

Question 26

Both mood-dependent memory and mood-congruent memory are easier to recall when information is learned in a mood becomes ____ to recall in that mood. The difference is that...

Answer 26

easier; mood-dependent memory affect neutral memories, while mood-congruent memory has no effect on neutral memories.

Question 27

Recall

Answer 27

Actually drawing items out of memory and reporting them

Question 28

Recognition

Answer 28

Saying whether you have seen an item before

Question 29

Signal detection theory

Answer 29

Some items in memory are more active than others. While active memories will seem more familiar, different people have different thresholds at which they say an item was seen before

Question 30

Hit

Answer 30

Corretly identifying an old item

Question 31

Miss

Answer 31

Identifying an old item as new

Question 32

False alarm

Answer 32

Identifying a new item as old

Question 33

Correct rejection

Answer 33

Corretly identifying a new item

Question 34

Loose criterion

Answer 34

Say yes to most items! - Most old items are hist, but more new items are false alarms

Question 35

Strict criterion

Answer 35

Say no to most items - Few new items are false alarms, but more old items are misses

Question 36

Context cues

Answer 36

Specify the conditions under which a target was encoded

Question 37

Tip of the tongue state

Answer 37

An extreme form of pause, where the word takes a noticeable time to come out - although the speaker has a distinct feeling that he/she knows exactly what he/she wants to say.

Question 38

Loftus and Palmer (1973) asked participants about the traffic accident they saw in the video with different adjectives. What were their findings?

Answer 38

Recall of the speed of car crash can be influenced by schema and may not be correct for that situation

Question 39

Godden and Baddeley (1975) had participants learn words in either dry or wet environment, and had them be tested in different environments. What were their findings?

Answer 39

The mean number of words recalled was better when the learning environment is the same with the retrieving environment

Question 40

What did the findings of Miles and Hardman (1998) suggest?

Answer 40

*State-dependent memory - Retrieval was better when the physical state of studying was the same at retrieval

Question 41

What did the findings of Eich, Macaulay, and Ryan (1994) suggest?

Answer 41

*Mood-dependent memory - retrieval was better when mood matched encoding condition

Question 42

Carla heard that one of the social media platforms she uses is going to start charging for accounts. She was really worried, and mentioned to her friend Nakia that it had been on the news. Nakia said she was misremembering, and that information came from a random post and not from an official announcement. What kind of memory error did Carla make?

Answer 42

Source monitoring error