Chem Flashcards by Bryan Groff

What type of charge does protons, neutrons, and electrons have? Which ones orbit the nucleus ?

Protons, Positive charge +

Neutrons, Neutral charge

Electrons, Negative charge -

Electrons orbit

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What is an atom called with a positive charge? What about a negative charge?

Positive - Cation

Negative - Anion

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What is an ionic bond? Examples?

involves a complete transfer of valence electrons, leaving one atom with a negative charge and one with a positive charge

Ex: Metals, acids, and bases

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What is the strongest type of bond? Why?

Covalent bond because of an equal sharing of electrons

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What is a polar covalent bond?

“in between” type of bond

They share electrons, but electrons remain closer to one atom than the other

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What are Van der Waals forces?

Weak INTERnolecular bonds

Weakest type of bond

Inter= between molecules (think of intercollegiate sports, between two colleges)

Intra= Inside one molecule (think of intramurals, competing within one college)

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What is Dalton’s Law? Example?

Total pressure is equal to the sum of each partial pressure exerted by each gas mixture

P total = P1 + P2 + P3

Ex: gases inside canister

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At sea level, what is the partial pressure of sevo if set at 3%?

= 760mmHg * .03

22.8

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What is Henry’s Law?

At a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves is directly proportional to the partial pressure. Said in another way, the higher the gas pressure, the more that will dissolve into a liquid

As temp goes up, solubility goes down

As temp goes down, solubility goes up

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Example of Henry’s Law?

Emergence is prolonged by a hypothermic patient

Dissolved O2 in the CaO2

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What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

Transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium

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What is the rate of diffusion directly proportional to?

-Partial pressure (driving force)
-Diffusion coefficient (solubility)
-Membrane surface area

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What is the rate of diffusion indirectly proportional to?

-Membrane thickness
-Molecular weight

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Examples of Ficks law of diffusion?

-Diffusion hypoxia
-Calculation of CO
-Drug transfer across placenta

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Examples of Boyle’s law?

(P*V)

-Diaphragmatic breathing
-Pneumatic bellows
-Ambu bag
-Bourdon pressure gauge

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Examples of Charle’s Law?

(V/T)
LMA cuff ruptures when being place in an autoclave

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Examples of Gay-Lussac’s Law?

(P/T)

O2 tank exploding in a heated environment

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What is the ideal gas law?

PV = nrT

Pressure
Volume
number of moles
constant rate
Temperature

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What is Ohm’s Law?

Current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance

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How is Poiseuille’s law related to Ohms?

It also adds in diameter, viscosity, and tube length

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How does a 2x change in radius affect laminar flow?

= 16x

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How does a 3x change in radius affect laminar flow?

= 81x

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How does a 4x change in radius affect laminar flow?

= 256x

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What does Reynold’s number tell you?

Study These Flashcards

Describes the three types of flow

< 2000 = laminar flow
2000 - 4000 = transitional flow
> 4000 = Turbulent flow

What does turbulent flow depend on? Which law?

Density (Graham's Law)

What does laminar flow depend on? Which law?

Viscosity (Poiseuille's Law)

How does Heliox improve Reynold's number?

The oxygen/helium mixture reduces the density

Does Helium improve flow if it is already laminar flow?

What is Bernoulli's Principle?

If fluid velocity is high, then less pressure on the walls If fluid velocity is low, then more pressure on the walls

What is the Venturi affect? Examples?

With the application of Bernoulli's Principle, if the pressure inside the tube falls below atmospheric pressure, then the air becomes entrained in the tube Ex: Jet ventilator, Venturi, Nebulizer

What is the Coanda effect? Examples?

When the nearby surface curves, the flow follows the curve (think curvy snake) Ex: Mitral regurg, water following curve of a glass

What is included in the Law of LaPlace?

Wall tension, internal pressure, and radius

Is pressure the pulling or pushing force?

Pushing - pushes the walls apart

Is tension the pulling or pushing force?

Pulling - holds the walls together

What is the yearly maximum radiation exposure for a non-pregnant person? What organs are most susceptible?

5 rem Eyes and thyroid are most susceptible

What is the yearly maximum radiation exposure for a pregnant person? What organs are most susceptible?

.5 rem Fetus is most susceptible

What three things limit radiation?

- Distance -Duration -Shielding

What is the minimum safe distance from the radiation source?

6 feet

What is the boiling point?

The pressure at which a liquids vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure

Does higher altitude have a higher pressure or lower pressure?

Lower pressure

How does boiling point change at higher and lower elevation?

Increased pressure (lower elevation) increases the boiling point Decreased pressure (higher elevation) decreases boiling point

What is specific heat?

The amount of heat to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

What is vapor pressure?

In a closed container, the amount of pressure molecules exert on the walls of the container

What is vaporization? What does it require?

The process by which a liquid is converted to a gas Requires heat

What is the heat of vaporization?

The number of calories required to vaporize 1 mL of liquid

What is the latent heat of vaporization?

The number of calories required to vaporize 1 mL of liquid WITHOUT a change in temperature

Do modern vaporizers compensate for temperature change?

Yes

What is the joule-Thompson effect in the context of gas cylinders? Example?

A gas stored at high pressure, is suddenly released which drops the temperature O2 tank opened too quickly feels cold Remember - Joule is cool

What is the adiabatic process?

A process that occurs without the gain or loss of energy. Rapid expansion or compression of gas without transfer of energy

What is the critical temperature?

The highest temperature where a gas can exist as a liquid. Said in another way, the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified regardless of the pressure applied to it.

Which two gases have a critical temperature above room temperature? How are these usually stored?

N2O and CO2 - usually liquids

What is critical pressure?

The minimum pressure required a gas to a liquid at its critical temperature

How to calculate C to K, K to C?

Celsius = K - 273.15 Kelvin = C + 273.15

How to calculate C to F, and F to C?

Celsius = (F - 32) x 5/9 F = (C x 1.8) + 32

What is pressure?

Force / Area As the area goes up, pressure goes down As the area goes down, the pressure goes up

What is Avogadro's number?

1 mole of gas is 6.023 X 10 to the 23

What are the 4 mechanism of heat transfer? Rank from most to least

3 stages of intraoperative heat transfer

1 cm H20 is equal to? 1mmHg is equal to?

1cm H20 = 0.74mmHg 1mmHg = 1.36

Chem Flashcards

(59 cards)