Chem Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
ε0 is
A
vacuum permitivity
2
Q
µ0 is
A
vacuum permeability
3
Q
Fukuyama coupling turns.. via… to..
A
thioester and organozinc halide palladium catalyst ketone
4
Q
Krebs cycle pyruvate to Alpha ketoglutarate
A
PYRUVATE + CoA Sulfhydryl CO2 + ACETYL-COA + Oxaloacetate + Water CITRATE - water ACONITATE + water D-ISOCITRATE + NAD+ ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE + NADH
5
Q
Prato reaction (Prato 1,3 dipolar cycloaddtion) does
A
fullerene + amino acid sarcosine + ylide
in toluene
= fullerene derivative
6
Q
2,3-Wittig rearrangement does this
A
allylic ether turns to a homoallylic alcohol
7
Q
Claisen condensation does
A
ester + ester(or carbonyl compound) + strong base
=beta-keto ester
8
Q
Adams’s catalyst formula, and used in?
A
Platinum 4 oxide (PtO2)
hydrogenation
9
Q
Acyloin condensation does this
A
two esters and sodium
reduced to
(alpha-hydroxy)ketone or acyloin
10
Q
Oxidation of primary alcohols
A
Primary alcohols + oxygen
= aldehyde + H2O + O
=carboxylic acid
11
Q
Oxidation of secondary alcohols
A
secondary alcohol + oxygen
= ketone
12
Q
found Aldol reaction
A
Borodin and Wurtz
13
Q
Michael addition/reaction does
A
addition of a carbanion to an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound
Makes carbon carbon bonds
14
Q
Mukaiyama reaction is more complex form of
A
Michael Addition
15
Q
Mukaiyama reaction does
A
silyl enol ethers +aldehydes
w/ Lewis acid catalyst
= aldol
16
Q
Amadori rearrangement does this
A
adds ammonia to sugar to a sugar with an amine
17
Q
Maillard reaction reacts
A
Amino acids and reducing sugar
18
Q
the Andrussow process does this
A
methane + ammonia + oxygen
w/ platinum catalyst
= hydrogen cyanide
19
Q
Appel reaction does this
A
(R-group) bond to hydroxyl + CCl4 + triphenylphosphine
= (R-group) bonded to Chlorine
20
Q
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition does this (specifically) Huisgen cycloaddition) does this
A
organic azide + alkyne
= 1,2,3-triazole
21
Q
Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction does
A
(Trialkyl phosphite + alkyl halid = phosphonate)
22
Q
(Aromatic) nitration does
A
an aromatic compound(benzene) has a nitro group added to it
Presense of sulfuric acid as catalyst
is electrophilic aromatic substitution
23
Q
functional group is NO2
A
Nitro group
24
Q
Arndt–Eistert reaction does this
A
turns carboxylic acid into a bigger one through a Wolff Rearrangement
uses Diazomethane to do this (CH2N2) and Silver II Oxide
25
are compounds with two R groups and a nitrogen double bond
Azo compound
26
Azo coupling does
reaction between a **diazonium compound** and another **aromatic compound** that produces an **azo compound**
27
Azo compounds are used to make
Dyes
28
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation does
ketone + hydogen peroxide(or peroxy acid)
+ mCPBA reagent
= ester
29
Bakelite is
Phenol and formaldehyde
30
Scholl reaction does this
coupling reaction between two arenes
with Lewis acid and protic acid
31
Arene is a
[**aromatic hydrocarbon **hydrocarbon](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon "Hydrocarbon") with alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings
32
Balz-Schiemann reaction does and is?
similar to the Sandmeyer reaction
adds Flourine to benzene to make fluorobenzene
33
Bamberger rearrangement does
Rearranges 
34
Bamford–Stevens reaction does
decomposes diazoalkanes in aprotic solutions
has carbene intermediate
makes alkenes
35
Bartoli reaction does
nitroarenes w/ vinyl **Grignard reagent**
to indoles
36
Bechamp reduction
Converts aromatic Nitro compounds to aniline form
37
Beckmann rearrangement does
acid catalyzed rearragnement
oxime to amide
38
Claisen rearrangement does
allyl vinyl ether + heat = unsaturated carbonyl
39
Feist–Benary synthesis makes
Furan
40
Benedict's solution tests for (colors?)
made of?
Tests for reducing sugars
has copper 2+ ions
green: .5%
yellow: 1%
Orange: 1.5%
Red: 2.0%
41
What is an alkyation
Adding an alkyl group to a molecule
42
What's an acyl group
derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid
is essentially a **carbonyl group bonded to an r group** and something else(nitrogen, hydrogen, r group, etc)
43
Bergman reaction does this
a **rearrangment** reaction that turns enediyne(di**alkyne**) to a cyclic compound(**benzene)**
44
Seyferth Gilbert homologation does this
turns aryl **ketone** (or **aldehyde**)
w/ dimethyl (diazomethyl)phosphonate 2 and potassium tert-butoxide
into **alkynes**
45
Ohira-Bestmann reagent is used in the?
Seyferth-Gilbert homologation (makes alkynes)
is dimethyl-1-diazo-2-oxopropylphosphonate
46
Bingel reaction does
**cyclopropanation** reaction to a **fullurene**
in presence of a **base**
47
Birch reduction does
organic reduction of organic ring
in liquid **ammonia**
with **alkali** metal (**Sodium**, lithium, potassium)
in an **alcohol** (ethanol or tert butanol)
48
what is an indole
six-membered** benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen**-containing pyrrole **ring**
49
what is a pyrrole
conjugated five-membered ring in which one carbon is replaced by a nitrogen
50
Bodroux reaction does
Turns carboxylic acid + **Grignard reagent** w/ aniline to **Amide**
51
Boord olefin synthesis does
**Ethers** with a halogen make an alkene
there is a **Grignard reagent** intermediate
catalyzed by **zinc** or **magnesium**
52
Hunsdiecker-Borodin reaction does this
BORODIN THE COMPOSER
silver salts of **carboxylic acids** + **halogens** make **organic halides**
53
Bosch–Meiser process does
2NH3 + CO2 [is in equilibrium with] H2N-COONH4
**(2)Ammonia** and **CO2** makes **urea**
54
Bouveault–Blanc reaction does
*Reduction*
**Ester** is reduced to primary **alcohol**
using **ethanol** and **sodium** metal
55
Schmidt reaction does
1. turns carboxylic acid to amines
2. turns ketones to amides
uses hydrozoic acid (rxn needs **azide** group)
56
imine is this kind of group
a carbon–nitrogen double bond
57
differentiate ketimine and aldimine
aldimine 
ketimine 
58
Bredt's rule says
double bond can't be at head of bridged ring system
59
Hydroboration–oxidation reaction does this
turns **alkenes** into **alcohols**
by addition of Boron hydride, Hydrogen peroxide, and hydoxyl
done in **tetrahydrofuran**
60
Buchwald–Hartwig reaction does this
palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of **amines** with aryl **halides**
creating carbon nitrogen double bonds
61
Cadiot- Chodkiewicz coupling does this
coupling reaction between a terminal **alkyne** and a halo**alkyne**
catalyzed by copper 1 salt and amine base
makes **alkyne(diacetylene)**
62
**Cannizzaro Reaction does this**
reacts: two **aldehydes**
Produces: (through oxidation**)carboxylic acid** and (through reduction)an **alcohol**
63
Reducing a carbonyl typically makes
alcohols
64
CBS reaction stands for and does
Corey Baksi Shibati reduction
ketone is reduced to make alcohol
it's n/s catalyst is a boron compound
65
CBS catalyst is
and has
Boron
Ph is phenol
66
Chugaev reaction is this
an **elimination** reaction
**alcohols** have **water** eliminated to make **alkenes**
67
Claisen condensation does this
reaction that occurs between **two esters** or **one ester and another carbonyl compound** in the presence of a **strong base**,
Makes β-keto **ester** or a β-**diketone**
68
Collins reagent is
complex of **chromium**(VI) oxide with **pyridine** in dichloro**methane**
alternative when oxidizing **secondary alcohols** to **ketones**
DOES SAME AS **JONES REAGENT(REACTION)**
69
Cope reaction does and is?
a **elimination**
elimnation of **amine** to make **alkene** and **hydroxylamine**
70
Cope rearrangment does
**sigmatropic rearrangement** of dienes
| (sigma bond moves)
71
Corey–Fuchs reaction does
transform an **aldehyde** into an **alkyne**
72
Corey–Kim reaction is a
oxidation
makes aldehydes and ketones from primary and secondary alcohols
73
Corey & Winter name a reaction that does
turns **diols** to **alkenes**
74
diol is a
di alchohol
75
Coupling reaction is a?
reactions where two hydrocarbon fragments are coupled with the aid of a metal catalyst
76
Criegee mechanism does this
**alkene** and **ozone** react in **1,3 dipolar cycloaddition**
makes alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carbox.. etc
77
Curtius rearrangement(degradation etc) does this
rearrangement of an acyl **azide** to an **isocyanate**
removal of **N2 gas**
78
Dakin reaction does this
redox reaction
reduces phenyl aldehyde(or ketone) to make a benzenediol
79
Dess–Martin reagent is used for
and is?
oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones
has **IODINE**
80
Diisobutylaluminium hydride (**DIBAL-H**)
is used for
made of?
1. co catalyst for **polymerization** of **alkenes**
2. Reducing agent turning **esters and nitriles** to **aldehydes**
**2 Aluminum**
81
Dieckmann condensation
is
intramolecular form of Claisen condensation,
reaction of **diesters** with **base** to give β-**ketoesters**
82
Diels–Alder reaction is?
cycloaddition between a conjugated **diene** and a substituted **alkene** to make a **cyclohexene**
83
Dutt-Wormall reaction does
diazonium salt reacts with a sulfonamide to **make azides**
84
Eder reaction makes this
** Hg**2Cl2(s) + 2[NH4+][Cl−] + **2CO2**
**IT MAKES CO2**
85
Edman degradation does
sequencing amino acids in a peptide (breaking peptide bonds)
86
Einhorn–Brunner reaction does
reaction of **imides** w/ **hydrazines** to make **triazoles**
87
what is an elimination reaction
and 2 types
Reaction where 2 subsituents are removed from molecule
**E1**: two step mechanism
**E2**: one step mechanism
88
Emde degradation is..?
related to **Hoffman eliminiation**
it **reduces ammonium** cation to tertiary **amine**
uses **sodium amalgam**
89
Eschweiler–Clarke reaction does this
primary (or secondary)**amine** is **methylated** using excess **formic acid **and **formaldehyde**
90
Favorskii rearrangment does this
turns a **alkoxide base** into a **ester**
or **amine** to an **amide**
in **basic conditions**
91
Fehling solution tests for
and is made of
tests for aldehyde or ketone, **aldehydes** turn it positive
**Copper 2 sulfate** and **potassium sodium tartrate(**rochelle salt)
is deep blue originally, turns **red precipitate** in aldehyde
tests for monosaccharides in urine
92
Fenton's reagent is
and does?
hydrogen peroxide and iron catalyst
used to oxidize
93
Fischer indole synthesis
produces the **indole** from a (substituted) **phenylhydrazine** and an **aldehyde** or **ketone** under **acidic conditions**
94
Fischer oxazole synthesis
does
synth. **oxazole** from **cyanohydrins** and **aldehydes** in the presence of anhydrous **hydrochloric acid**
95
Fischer glycosidation
is?
reaction of an **aldose or ketose** with an alcohol in the presence of an **acid catalyst** to make **glycoside**
96
Fischer estrification does..?
** carboxylic acid** and an **alcohol** in the presence of an** acid catalyst** makes **ester**
97
Fischer–Tropsch process does
converts a mixture of **carbon monoxide** and **hydrogen** into **liquid hydrocarbons**
98
Fowler's solution is
a solution containing 1% potassium **arsenite** (KAsO2)
99
Frankland was the first person to make
organozinc compounds
100
Free-radical halogenation is?
A halogenation of usually **alkanes **under **UV light**
makes **chloroform**
101
Friedel Crafts acylation is?
It is the addition of an acyl group to a benzene ring
using **acyl chloride** and and an **Lewis acid catalyst(like aluminum chloride and cuprous chloride)**
102
Friedel Crafts alkylation is..?
alkylation of an aromatic ring with an** alkyl halide** using a strong Lewis acid catalyst
**(ferric chloride is catalyst)**
103
Fries rearrangement does
rearrangement reaction of a phenolic **ester** to a hydroxy aryl **ketone** by catalysis of** Lewis acid**
104
Fujimoto-Belleau reaction does
forms cyclic α-substituted α,β-unsaturated **ketones **from **enol lactones**
## Footnote
** is a Grignard reaction/reagent **
105
Fukuyama coupling does this
a coupling reaction taking place between a **thioester** and an** organozinc halide**
w/ Palladium catalyst
makes **ketone**
106
Gabriel synthesis does
transforms primary** alkyl halides** into **primary amines**.
reaction uses **potassium phthalimide**
107
Gassman synthesis does
turns **aniline** into **indoles**
uses **Raney nickel **to **desulfurization** in it
108
Gattermann Koch reaction
does
a Friedel–Crafts **acylation** reaction in which** carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid and AlCl3 catalyst** make **benzaldehyde**
109
Gilman reagent is and does?
used to replace **halides** with **r groups**
110
Glaser Coupling does this
combines two **aldehydes(ethyne)** via **copper** chloride or bromide
111
**Gomberg** names one..
it is made of?
a **radical**(the first)
Triphenylmethyl radical
112
Grignard reaction does this
reaction in which alkyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard reagents) add to a **carbonyl** group in an **aldehyde** or **ketone**
113
Grubbs' catalyst is for
and is made of
used for olefin metathesis
main is **ruthenium**
114
Haber–Weiss reaction does
.O2- + H2O2 → •OH + OH- + O2
Superoxide and Hydrogen peroxide make **hydroxyl radical**
115
Hammett equation says
where K is equillibrium constant
sigma is substituent constant
p is reaction constant
ALSO
k is reaction rate
116
Hammett function tests for
acidity
![H_{0} = \mbox{p}K_{BH^+} + \log \frac{[B]}{[BH^+]}](http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/e/1/2e1ce7ec35aec0eb867a815ff9fa72f9.png)
conj acid: BH+
Base: B
117
Hammond's postulate is for
concerns the transition state of organic chemical reactions
118
Hantzsch type
ester
119
Haworth projection is..?
A projection of a cyclic monosaccharide
**Thicker line** means atoms closer to viewer
120
Fischer projection is?
Used to show carbohydrates
121
Haworth phenanthrene synthesis is?
A type of Friedel Crafts reaction
uses two reductions Wolf Kishner or Clemmonson
122
Mizoroki-Heck reaction does this
reaction of an **unsaturated halide** with an **alkene** in the presence of a **base** and a **palladium catalyst** to form a substituted **alkene**
123
Herz reaction does
conversion of an aniline-derivative to a Herz-salt disulfur dichloride,
followed by hydrolysis of this Herz-salt (2) to the corresponding sodium **thiol**ate
makes **THIOLS**
124
Ellman's reagent is and tests for?
DTNB
quantify the number or concentration of **thiol groups** in a sample
125
Herzig–Meyer alkimide group determination is for
basically its a reverse Hoffman elimination
126
Hinsberg reaction is?
is a chemical test for the detection of **amines**
reagent contains an aqueous **sodium(potassium) hydroxide** solution and** benzenesulfonyl chloride**
127
Hofmann elimination is?
also known as **exhaustive methylation**
an **amine** is reacted to create a **tertiary amine** and an **alkene** by treatment with excess** methyl iodide**
followed by treatment with **silver oxide**, **water**, and heat
128
What is an amide
Is where nitrogen is bonded to a carbonyl bonded to an r group
(first especially)
129
Hofmann rearrangment (degredation) does
organic reaction of a primary **amide** to a primary **amine** with one fewer carbon atoms
**has isocyanate intermediate**
130
Imide is a?
Nitrogen thats bonded to two acyl groups and one r group
131
Isocyanate is a?
functional group with the formula **R–N=C=O**
132
Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction is
reaction of stabilized **phosphonate carbanions** with **aldehydes** (or **ketones**) to produce predominantly E-**alkenes**
## Footnote
**is a Wittig reaction**
133
Houben–Hoesch reaction does this
reaction in which a **nitrile** reacts with an **arene** compound to form an aryl **ketone**
134
Hunsdiecker reaction does this
organic reaction of **silver salts of carboxylic acids** with **halogens** to give **organic halides**
135
Ing-Manske reaction is?
basically is **Gabriel Synthesis**
alkyl **halides** to **amines**
136
Jacobsen reaction is a type of ?
Epoxidation
also a Sharpless epoxidation
137
Jacobsen rearrangement does this
migration of an alkyl group derived from a polyalkyl- or polyhalobenzene
in a sulfonic acid(sometimes **sulfuric acid**)
138
Jones oxidation
is?
organic reaction for the oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones
reagent is solution of **chromium trioxide in dilute sulfuric acid and acetone**
139
Ullmann condensation(synth) does this
a **phenol** is coupled to an **aryl halide** to create a **diaryl ether** in the presence of a **copper compound**
140
Julia reaction does this
reaction of phenyl sulfones (1) with **aldehydes** (or **ketones**) to give **alkenes**
a type of WIttig reaction
141
Willgerodt rearrangement does this
reaction converting an aryl alkyl **ketone** to the corresponding **amide** by reaction with **ammonium polysulfide**
142
Knoevenagel condensation(reaction) does this
sorta an **aldol condensation**
nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group followed by a dehydration reaction in which a molecule of water is **eliminated**
143
Paal–Knorr synthesis does this
reaction that generates either** furans, pyrroles, or thiophenes** from 1,4-**diketones**
1. **furan** synthesis requires an acid catalyst
2. pyrrole synthesis a primary **amine** participates
3. for **thiophene** compound phosphorus pentasulfide:
144
Kochi reaction is
variation on the **Hunsdiecker reaction**
reaction for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to alkyl halides with lead tetraacetate and a lithium chloride or other lithium salts
145
Kolbe–Schmitt reaction does
a carboxylation reaction that proceeds by heating sodium phenolate (the **sodium salt of phenol**) with **carbon dioxide **treated w/ **sulfuric acid**
**makes salicylic acid**
a carboxylic acid
146
Kolbe synthesis does this
**alkylhalide** with a metal **cyanide** makes **alkyl nitriles**
147
Leimgruber-Batcho reaction does this
produce **indoles** from o-**nitro**toluenes
effected by Raney nickel and hydrazine is used
148
Lindlar catalyst is?
And does?
a** heterogeneous catalyst** that consists of** palladium** deposited on calcium carbonate or barium **sulfate** and treated with various forms of **lead**
used for the **hydrogenation** of **alkynes to alkenes**
149
Lossen rearrangement does this
conversion of a hydroxamic acid(made from **ester**) (1) to an **isocyanate**
150
Lucas' reagent is?
tests for?
solution of anhydrous **zinc chloride** in concentrated** hydrochloric acid**
used to **classify alcohols** of low molecular weight
151
Luche reaction is?
a **reduction**
converts **ketones** to **alcohols**
with lanthanoid chlorides such as** cerium(III) chloride and sodium borohydride**
152
Madelung synthesis does this
produces **indoles** by the intramolecular** cyclization of N-phenylamides** using **strong base** at high temps
153
Mannich reaction does
consists of an amino alkylation
formaldyhyde, an amine(or ammonia), and a carbonyl reaction
makes beta-amino carbonyl, a Mannich base
154
**Markovnikov's rule says?**
when adding acid HX to unsym. alkene, hydrogen attaches to carbon with most hydrogens
halogen adds to group with most alkyl sustituents 
left product is good
155
McFadyen-Stevens reaction does
base-catalyzed thermal decomposition of acylsulfonylhydrazides to **aldehydes**
156
McMurry reaction(coupling) does this
reaction in which two **ketone** or **aldehyde** groups are **coupled to an alkene** using** *_titanium_* chloride** compound such as titanium(III) chloride and a reducing agent
## Footnote
**alkene is made**
157
Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reaction is a?
Reduction
the** reduction of ketones and aldehydes** to their corresponding alcohols utilizing **aluminium** alkoxide catalysis in the **presence of a sacrificial alcohol**
158
Oppenauer reaction is this
an oxidation
selectively oxidizing secondary **alcohols** to **ketones** The alcohol is oxidized with** aluminium isopropoxide** in excess **acetone**
opposite of ** Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction**
159
Meisenheimer complex is this
1:1 reaction adduct between an** arene carrying electron withdrawing groups** and **nucleophile**
160
Mitsunobu reaction
converts **alcohol **to various funct. group via inversion of stereochemistry
makes **ester** via **triphenylphosphine** and **DEAD **or **DIAD**
161
Nef reaction does this
reaction describing the acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or secondary **nitroalkane** (1) to an **aldehyde** or a **ketone** (3) and **nitrous oxide**
## Footnote
**with sulfuric acid**
162
Negishi coupling does this
reaction in organic chemistry involving an **organozinc** compound, an organic **halide** and a **nickel or palladium catalyst** creating a new carbon–carbon covalent bond
163
Nicholas reaction does this
reaction where a dicobalt octacarbonyl-stabilized propargylic cation is reacted with a nucleophile.
Oxidative demetallation **gives the desired alkylated alkyne**
164
Ninhydrin is?
molecule, that binds with ammonia or amines to make **Ruhemann's purple**
165
Noyori asymmetric reaction is this
**hydrogenation**
reaction for the enantioselective hydrogenation of **ketone, aldehydes, and imines**. This reaction exploits using chiral **ruthenium** catalysts
**makes hydroxyl group**
166
Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction
does this
is a nickel/chromium coupling reaction **forming an alcohol** from the reaction of an **aldehyde** with **an allyl or vinyl halide**
167
Passerini reaction is this
reaction involving an **isocyanide**, an **aldehyde (or ketone)**, and a **carboxylic acid** to form a α-acyloxy **amide**
168
Pauson–Khand reaction does this
cycloaddition between an **alkyne**, an **alkene** and** carbon monoxide** to **form a α,β-cyclopentenone**
169
Payne rearrangement does this
isomerization, under basic conditions, of **2,3-epoxy alcohols** to isomeric **2,3-epoxy alcohols** with inversion of configuration
170
Pechmann condensation does
is a synthesis of **coumarins**, starting from a **phenol** and a **carboxylic acid** or **ester** containing a β-carbonyl group
under **acidic **condition
171
Petasis reaction is this
reaction of an **amine**, **aldehyde**, and vinyl- or aryl-**boronic** acid to form **substituted amines**
172
Petasis reagent is?
**organotitanium** compound with the formula Cp2Ti(CH3)2
173
Zincke reaction
a pyridine is transformed into a pyridinium salt by reaction with 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene and a primary **amine**
174
Zincke names a type of..?
aldehyde
175
Peterson reaction does
reaction of α-silyl carbanions 1 with **ketones** (or **aldehydes**) to form a β-hydroxy**silane** 2 which eliminates to form **alkenes**
176
Pinacol rearrangement does
converting a 1,2-diol to a carbonyl compound
177
what is a pinacol
a diol with vicinal hydroxyls(right next to each other)
