chem - basics, alkali and alkaline earth metals, halogens and nobles gases, electron configuration

Question 1

What is mass

Answer 1

Amount of matter made up of particles

Question 2

What is volume

Answer 2

Amount of space taken up by a substance

Question 3

What is matter made of

Answer 3

Atoms

Question 4

What are physical properties

Answer 4

Characteristics that describe appearance

Question 5

What are chemical properties

Answer 5

How a substance reacts with other substances

Question 6

What are atoms composed of

Answer 6

Subatomic particles. Protons neutrons and electrons

Question 7

Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom

Answer 7

Nucleus Center of atom

Question 8

How do electrons behave in an atom

Answer 8

Move rapidly to form an electron cloud around the nucleus

Question 9

What is the mass comparison between protons and electrons?

Answer 9

An electron is 1,800 times lighter than a proton.

Question 10

What charge does an electron have?

Answer 10

Negative charge.

Question 11

What is the relationship between protons and electrons?

Answer 11

Their charges balance to form a neutral atom.

Question 12

What defines a pure substance?

Answer 12

Made up of identical particles.

Question 13

What is an element?

Answer 13

A pure substance made up of one type of atom that cannot be broken down.

Question 14

Define an atom.

Answer 14

The smallest unit of mass, consisting of a nucleus and electrons.

Question 15

What is the arrangement of the periodic table?

Answer 15

Periods go across, groups go down, with lighter elements at the top.

Question 16

How do shells change in the periodic table?

Answer 16

Shells increase as you go across periods.

Question 17

What do elements in the same group have in common?

Answer 17

They have the same number of valence electrons.

Question 18

Group 1 elements are called what?

Answer 18

Alkali metals (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium)

Question 19

How many valence electrons do Group 1 elements have?

Answer 19

1

Question 20

What happens when Group 1 metals react with water?

Answer 20

They produce hydrogen gas and an alkaline solution (metal hydroxide).

Question 21

Physical properties of Group 1 metals:

Answer 21

Soft, higher density, lower melting and boiling points as you move down the group.

Question 22

Group 1 Chemical reaction with water

Answer 22

Element + Water = Hydrogen Gas (H2g) and Hydrogen Oxide with complementary metal (OH) e.g.
2Li+2H 2O→2LiOH+H 2 (g)

Question 23

Reaction of sodium with water:

Answer 23

Sodium reacts vigorously, producing sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

Question 24

Reaction of potassium with water:

Answer 24

Potassium reacts explosively, producing potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

Question 25

What are the elements in Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals)?

Answer 25

Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra).

Question 26

How many valence electrons do alkaline earth metals have?

Answer 26

They have 2 valence electrons and typically form +2 ions (except beryllium).

Question 27

How does reactivity change as you move down Group 2?

Answer 27

Reactivity increases down the group.

Question 28

What are the physical properties of alkaline earth metals?

Answer 28

They are soft, denser than alkali metals, and their melting and boiling points decrease down the group.

Question 29

How is magnesium stored, and why?

Answer 29

Magnesium is stored in a dry place (not oil) because it reacts with moisture.

Question 30

What do alkaline earth metals form when they react with oxygen?

Answer 30

They form metal oxides. e.g. (Mg + 02g = Mg0)

Question 31

Do Alkaline Earth metals sink or stay afloat in water

Answer 31

Sink, opposite of alkali metals

Question 32

What are the elements in Group 17 (Halogens)?

Answer 32

Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At).

Question 33

How many valence electrons do halogens have?

Answer 33

They have 7 valence electrons and can form -1 ions.

Question 34

How does reactivity change as you move down Group 17?

Answer 34

Reactivity decreases down the group. More electrons, more stable

Question 35

What are the physical states of halogens at room temperature?

Answer 35

Fluorine (gas, yellow), Chlorine (gas, green), Bromine (liquid, red-brown), Iodine (solid, purple vapor), Astatine (solid, black).

Question 36

What do halogens form when they react with metals and hydrogen?

Answer 36

They form metal halides and hydrogen halides, respectively. halogens + metal = metal halides halogens + hydrogen gas = hydrogen halides very exothermic

Question 37

What are the elements in Group 18 (Noble Gases)?

Answer 37

Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn).

Question 38

Why are noble gases considered inert?

Answer 38

They have full valence shells (8 electrons, except helium which has 2), making them very stable.

Question 39

How do the boiling points of noble gases change?

Answer 39

Boiling and melting points increase down the group due to increasing atomic size and electron density.

Question 40

What are some practical uses of noble gases?

Answer 40

Helium (balloons), Neon (neon signs), Argon (light bulbs), Krypton (insulation), Xenon (car manufacturing), Radon (radiotherapy).

Question 41

What is the atomic structure basics?

Answer 41

Atomic number whole number = number of protons (= electrons). Atomic mass, decimal = number of protons + neutrons. in nucleus

Question 42

What is the maximum number of electrons in each electron shell?

Answer 42

1st shell: 2, 2nd shell: 8, 3rd shell: 8 (can hold up to 18 in transition metals).

Question 43

What are catalysts?

Answer 43

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction or lowers the temperature or pressure needed to start one without getting consumed

Question 44

what are isotopes?

Answer 44

atoms with the same element and protons but different neutron amount, so atomic mass changes.

Question 45

ionic charge of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens

Answer 45

group 1 : +1 ion group 2 : +2 ion group 7 : -1 ion