Chem/ Phys/ Math Review Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Molecular Theory of Matter
A
“matter is made up of minute particles called molecules, that exist in various states (solid, liquid, gas, plasma)”
2
Q
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
A
” molecules are in constant motion (random motion) and have a degree of attraction between them called van Der Waals forces”
3
Q
Critical Temperature
A
“the temp above which a gas cannot be liquified regardless of how much pressure is applied”
4
Q
Isomers
A
molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures
5
Q
Structural Isomers
A
same molecular formula but atoms are located in different places. different molecules with diff chemical and physical properties
6
Q
Stereoisomers
A
similar geometric arrangement of atoms but differ in their spatial position
7
Q
Enantiomers
A
mirror images, not superimposable, possess similar chemical and physical properties, optically active
8
Q
Diastereomers
A
not mirror images, may have diff chemical and physical properties
9
Q
Levo
A
rotate polarized light in a counterclockwise fashion, (-)
10
Q
Dextro
A
rotate polarized light in a clockwise fashion, (+)
11
Q
Racemic
A
50% levo, 50% dextro
12
Q
Atoms
A
building block of chemistry
13
Q
Ion
A
atoms carrying positive or negative charge
14
Q
Cation
A
atoms carrying a positive charge
15
Q
Anion
A
atoms carrying a negative charge
16
Q
Inverse
A
relationship of temp and solubility in a gas
17
Q
Direct
A
relationship of pressure and solubility in a gas
18
Q
Henry’s Law
A
at constant temperature: the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution
19
Q
0.003ml/100ml blood/mmHg partial pressure
A
O2 solubility coefficient
20
Q
0.067ml/100ml blood/mmHg partial pressure
A
CO2 solubility coefficient
21
Q
Henry’s Law
A
allows calculation of O2 and CO2 dissolved in blood
22
Q
DO2= CO x ((1.34 x hgb x SpO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003)) x10
A
O2 delivery calculation
23
Q
Henry’s Law
A
increasing FiO2 is an application of ???
24
Q
PaO2
A
represents oxygen dissolved in blood
25
Henry's Law
over pressurizing the vaporizer - we increase the concentration set on the vaporizer to speed up delivery to the blood, and therefore the brain
26
Graham's Law
a gas diffuses at a rate that is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight... (as molecular weight increases, the ratio diffusion decreases). faster diffusion of smaller particles
27
Nitrous Oxide
gas that diffuses into air filled cavities
28
20-25
ETT cuff pressure
29
40-60
LMA cuff pressure
30
Apneic Oxygenation
continual diffusion of O2 into the blood is driven by a concentration gradient that continually diffuses O2 into the alveoli via the ventilator circuit
31
Fick's Law
diffusion of a gas across a semipermeable membrane is directly proportional to the partial pressure gradient, the membrane solubility of the gas, and the membrane area, and is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness and the molecular weight of the gas.
32
1. concentration gradient (direct)
2. membrane surface area (direct)
3. diffusion coefficient (solubility) (direct)
4. thickness of the membrane (inverse)
5. molecular weight (inverse)
the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane is related to...
33
Fick's Law
allows determination of pulmonary gas exchange
34
Fick's Law
diffusion hypoxia
35
Fick's Law
COPD- reduced surface tension- slower induction
36
Fick's Law
Placental drug transfer
37
2nd Gas Effect
the rapid uptake of high concentrations of N2O at induction of inhalation anesthesia produces an increase in alveolar concentrations of O2 and the accompanying volatile anesthetic agent
38
Fick's Law
expansion of the ETT cuff when N20 is in use
39
Fick's Law
expansion of air pockets when N2O is use
40
Bourdon Gauge
used to measure high pressures, such as in gas cylinders, are in zero referenced to atmospheric pressure (0= 760mmHg= 1 atm)
41
Gauge Pressure
absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure
42
Boyle's Law
pressure and volume held at constant temp. the volume of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the pressure (as pressure goes up, volume goes down)
43
Boyle's Law
reservoir bag on anesthesia machine
44
Boyle's Law
diaphragm contraction
45
Boyle's Law
pneumatic bellows - as pressure increases, the volume within the bellows decreases
46
Boyle's Law
squeezing bag
47
Boyle's Law
bourdon gauge to calculate remaining O2 in tank
48
Boyle's Law
a full e cylinder of O2 will empty 625-650L into the atmosphere
49
Boyle's Law
spontaneous breathing - when intrapulmonary pressure becomes negative, intrapulmonary volume increases
50
Charle's Law
the volume of a given gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temp provided the amount of gas and the pressure remains constant
51
Charle's Law
LMA cuff ruptures in an autoclave
52
Gay Lussac's Law
at a constant volume, the pressure of a gas sample is directly proportional to the kelvin temp (temp up, pressure up)
53
Gay Lussac's Law
if a cylinder is moved from hot to cold environment then pressure would decrease
54
Ideal Gas Law
PV=T
55
Ideal Gas Law
as a cylinder of compressed gas empties, the pressure falls- volume constant, number of moles of gas decreases as gas exits the cylinder so pressure decreases
56
Avagadro's Hypothesis
"if you had 2 different containers containing 2 different gases at the same temp and pressure, then they contain the same number of molecules"
57
Clinical Application of Avagadro's Hypothesis
calibration of vaporizers
58
Clinical Application of Avagadro's Hypothesis
molecular weight of sevoflurane is 200, so 200g servo is 1 mole and would occupy 22.4L at stp
59
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
in a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that which it would exert if it alone occupies the container
60
MAC
the concentration of the vapor that prevents the reaction to a standard surgical stimulus in 50% of subjects. what is physiologically important is the partial pressure (mmHg), not the concentration
61
Greater
A gas cannot be liquified if the ambient temp is ____ than critical temp
62
Below
A gas can be liquified if sufficient pressure is applied at ambient temp _____ the critical temp
63
-119 degrees C
critical temp of O2 gas
64
36.5 degrees C
critical temp of N2O liquid
65
25 degrees C
room temp of N2O liquid
66
Adiabatic Process
change in temp of the matter without gain or loss of heat/energy
67
Joule- Thompson Effect
expansion of a gas causes cooling
68
Joule- Thompson Effect
as gas leaves a cylinder, the expansion cools the surrounding air causing condensation of moisture on the cylinder
69
Poiseuille's Law
describes the relationship between rate and flow
70
Poiseuille's Law
IV Flows
71
Poiseuille's Law
Airways
72
Poiseuille's Law
Vascular Flow - polycythemia v anemia
73
Poiseuille's Law
Thorpe tubes at low flows
74
1. pressure gradient across the length of the tube (direct)
2. radius^4 of the tube (direct)
3. length of the tube (inverse)
4. viscosity of the fluid (inverse)
Poiseuille's Law and Laminar Flow relationships
75
Viscosity
determinant of flow when flow is laminar (low flow rates)
76
Density
determinant of flow when flow is turbulent
77
Turbulent Flow
Reynolds number > 2000
78
Reynolds Number
(velocityxdensityxdiameter)/ viscosity
79
Thorpe Tubes
older term for flow meters
80
1. increased velocity
2. bend>20 degrees
3. irregularity in the tube
factors that change flow from laminar to turbulent
81
Corrugated tubing
example of turbulent flow
82
Bernoulli's Theorem
the lateral wall pressure is LEAST at the point of greatest constriction and the speed is the GREATEST
83
Narrow Diameter
decreased lateral wall pressure and increased speed
84
Wider Diameter
increased lateral wall pressure and decreased speed
85
Venturi Tube
application of Bernoulli's equation to measure fluid
86
Bernoulli and Venturi Clinical Application
lateral pressure of rapidly flowing fluid in a constricted tube can be subatmospheric hence a sidearm on that portion of the tube can be used to aspirate another fluid into the tube
87
Bernoulli and Venturi Clinical Application
nebulizers
88
Bernoulli and Venturi Clinical Application
venturi O2 masks (24-40% O2)
89
Bernoulli and Venturi Clinical Application
Jet Ventilation
90
Beer- Lambert Law
| Beer portion
absorption of radiation by a given thickness of a solution of a given concentration is the same as that of twice the thickness of a solution of half the concentration
91
Beer- Lambert Law
| Lambert portion
each layer of equal thickness absorbs an equal fraction of the radiation that passes through it
92
Beer- Lambert Law Clinical Application
pulse ox
93
no effect
HgbS
94
no effect
polycythemia
95
false low
methylene and isosulfan blue
96
false low/ slight decrease
indocyanine green and indigo carmine
97
false low
blue nail polish
98
false low
methhgb if sao2 >85%
99
false high
methhgb if sao2 <85%
100
no effect
HgbF
101
false high
carboxyhgb
102
Law of La Place
pressure gradient across the wall of a sphere or tub/ cylinder (blood vessel, ventricle, alveolus) is related to wall tension (directly) and radius (inversely)
103
Law of La Place Clinical application
normal alveoli and the need for surfactant during expiration
104
Law of La Place Clinical application
vascular pathology - aneurysm rupture d/t increased wall tension
105
Law of La Place Clinical application
ventricular volume and work of the heart- a dilated ventricle has a greater tension in its wall (end diastolic pressure rises)
106
Ohm's Law
resistance which will allow on ampere of current to flow under the influence of a potential of one volt
107
Ohm's Law clinical application
strain gauges in pressure transducers
108
Ohm's Law clinical application
thermistors
109
Macroshock
current distributed through the body: faulty wiring, improper grounding
110
Microshock
current applied in or near the heart: pacing wires, fault equipment during cardiac Cath, electrocautery
111
50-100 microamps
microshock to cause fib
112
2 grams of lidocaine in 100 mls
2% lidocaine
