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CHEM LECTURE FINAL > Chem (Topic 3b,4a,7a) > Flashcards

Chem (Topic 3b,4a,7a) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a bond energy?

A

Energy required to break a bond

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2
Q

What is a bond energy?

A

Energy required to break a bond

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3
Q

Provide two examples of stronger bonds

A

Shorter bonds = stronger ( eg. N- Cl vs N - l
Multi bonds = stronger than single

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4
Q

What does Recall mean?

A

Visible light UV light causes electronic excitation in atoms and molecules

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5
Q

Infrared in causes what?

A

Vibrational excitation

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6
Q

What causes vibrational excitation and what is needed?

A

Infrared causes it
Need diople, symmetrical won’t work, but opposite will

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7
Q

What is a resonance structure?

A

Alternate ways of drawing a structure

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8
Q

Why do we draw resonance structures?

A

To find the most zero formal charge
-negative on most electroneg element

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9
Q

What is the difference between major and minor structures

A

Major= closest to zero (can have more than one)
Minor= all other options (can have more than one)

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10
Q

What is formal charge?

A

hypothetical charge an atom would have if bonding electrons were distributed evenly.

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11
Q

What is Ozone (O3)?

A

Lewis structure with two possible outcomes with an equal formal charge.

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12
Q

Are resonance structures delocalized?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What are the rules in resonance structures?

A

-Do NOT move electrons in single bonds
move from:
-lone pairs
-double/triple bonds
-octet rules: C,N,O,F
-free radicals

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14
Q

What is a curved arrow?

A

used to indicate the movement of lone pairs
-useful for resonance structures

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15
Q

what is used to indicate the movement of lone pairs

A

Curved arrows

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16
Q

Describe the directional terms for curved arrows

A

Source——-> Destination (two electrons moving)

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17
Q

Exceptions to octet rule?

A

-Free Radicals- can’t have an odd number (many contain N)
-Incomplete Octets- less on central atom (group 13)
-Hypercoordinate Molecules- more on central atom (3rd lower row, more than 8)

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18
Q

Difference between lewis and VSPER?

A

2D- Lewis
3D- VSPER

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19
Q

VSPER Theory

A

-to maximize the distance between two electrons
-best arrangement is the one that minimizes the repulsion among them

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20
Q

Describe domains

A

Lone pairs= 1 domain
1 bond- 1 domain
2 bond= 1 domain
3 bond= 1 domain
ONLY AROUND CENTRAL ATOM

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21
Q

What are the five basic electron geometries

A

-Linear
-Trigonal Planar
-Tetrahedral
-Trigonal Bipyramidal
-Octahedral

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22
Q

Give the angles of the 5 electron geometries

A

-Linear=180
-Trigonal Planar-120
-Tetrahedral-109
-Trigonal Bipyramidal- 120/90
-Octahedral-90

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23
Q

What is the difference between Electron Geometry and molecular geometry

A

The molecular geometry is based on
the electron group geometry but
modified based on the number of
lone pairs

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24
Q

How many molecular geos are in each electron geo

A

-Linear=0
-Trigonal Planar=1
-Tetrahedral=2
-Trigonal Bipyramidal=3
-Octahedral=2

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25
What plane do we take away first with Trigonal Pyramidal for lone pairs?
Equitorial
26
What plane do we take away first with octahedral for lone pairs?
Axial
27
Why do we use a line/dash/wedge?
Represents different planes in 3D structures
28
What does a line replicate?
Same plane as page
29
What does a dash replicate?
goes into page (away from you)
30
What does a wedge replicate?
goes out of page (towards you)
31
What takes up more space than bonding pairs due to increased repulsion?
Lone Pairs
32
Can you place lone fairs freely in all other structures besides trigonal pyramidal and octahedral?
Yes
33
What do double and triple bonds do in VSPER structures?
-increase repulsion -maximize distance -double bond will lesson bond between H
34
What creates molecular Geometry
lone pairs
35
Give the order of highest electron density from smallest to largest?
lone pairs triple bonds double bonds single bonds
36
Give the rules for drawing VSPER structures
-draw lewis -count electrons -count domains/lone pairs -draw VSPER
37
what is/are the molecular geometries for trigonal planar? Describe or draw what the skeletal lewis VSEPR lewis
Bent- <120 Lewis- Looks straight across -3 domains VSEPR- Bends down looking like a triangle -3 domains (1 lone pair, 2 bonding groups)
38
what structure has -3 domains (1 lone pair, two bonding groups)
Trigonal Planar, bent
39
what is/are the molecular geometries for linear? Describe or draw what the skeletal lewis VSEPR lewis
there are none. -straight across 180 -2 bonding groups
40
what is/are the molecular geometries for Tetrahedral?
2 MGs -Trigonal Pyramidal- <109.5 -Bent- <109.5
41
Describe or draw what the skeletal lewis VSEPR lewis for Trigonal Pyramidal
4 e groups 3 bonding pairs 1 lone pair -same drawing as tetrahedral
42
What MG has 4 e groups, 2 bonding pairs, and 2 lone pairs? Hows the VSPER drawn?
-bent -triangle done with line -line and dash v above central
43
what is/are the molecular geometries for trigonal bipyramidal? include the angles
3 types -seesaw <120 (E) , <90(A) -T shaped <90 -linear 180
44
Describe a seesaw structure
5 e groups 4 bonding groups 1 lone pair -same as trig byp structure w lone pair
45
What GM has 5 e groups, 3 bonding groups, and 2 lone pairs
T shaped 90
46
What GM has 5 e groups, 3 bonding groups, and 3 lone pairs
linear 180
47
what is/are the molecular geometries for octahedral?
2 types -square pyramidal <90 -sqaure planar 90
48
What rules do you have for larger molecules with VSPER structures?
-Draw lewis -identify structures (centrals) -identify domains/lone pairs around centrals -draw VSPER
48
what e, b, and lone pairs does sqaure pyramidal have
6 e 5 b 1 l
49
what MG has 6e, 4 bonding, and 2 lone pairs
Square planar
50
what does is mean if the vector sum is zero?
non-polar
51
What is a dipole?
For molecules with multiple polar bonds, the molecular dipole moment is the vector sum of all of the individual bond dipole moments
52
what does it mean if the vector sum has a pull?
polar
53
How do you find your dipole?
-based off electronegativity -more electronegativity= more directional pull -can use the chart as well
54
what are the directions for electronegativity?
increases -------> increases going up chart
55
What else does organic chemistry contain?
-protein -sugar -alcohol -gas
55
Organic Chemistry
Carbon
56
Chemistry of Carbon
Forms diverse array of molecules forms long chains forms single, double, triple bonds -c-c and c-h are very stable
57
what are organic molecules usually composed of
C,N, O, H
58
what is the organic molecule pyramid
organic molecules 1. hydrocarbons 2.Other stuff 1.1 Aromatic (smell) 1.2 Aliphatic 1.2.1 Alkane (single bond) 1.2.2 Alkene (double bond) 1.2.3 Alkyne (triple)
59
State the greek prefixes? why are these used in org chem?
Represents the # of C 1- meth 2-eth 3-prop 4-but 5-pent 6-hex 7-hept 8-oct 9-non 10-dec
60
Ways to draw a molecule
Structural Condensed Skeletal
61
What molecule structure is used for large structures
skeletal
62
What molecule structure is used for most info but time consuming
structural
63
What do bond like structures look like?
-no lone pairs -don't include H/C -Functional groups=reactive
64
What are the two basic categories of organic molecules? What are there terms
Aromatic- consisting on benzene like structures Aliphatic- everything else (alkane, alkene, alkyne) -both modified with functional groups to give character, site of chem reactivity
65
Whats an alkane
-Saturated hydrocarbons -single bond and sp3 hybridized -can be straight, branched on cyclic
65
Whats an Alkene
-unsaturated hydrocarbon -double c bonds -benzene w 3 lines in are AROMATIC
66
Whats an Alkyne
unsaturated hydrocarbons -triple bonds
66
State all aromatic structures from highest to lowest priority (including aliphatic)
-Carboxylic acid -ester -amide -aldehyde -ketone -alcohol -amine -alkene -alkyne -aromatic -ether -alkyl Halide -alkyl
66
whats an Alkyl Halide
alkanes with halogens H(x)- F, Cl, Br, I etc attached to r-X -1,2,3 degree
67
whats an amine
n analogue of alcohols (OH) 1,2,3 degree
67
whats an amide
n analogue of carboxylic acids (o = c before N) 1,2,3 degree
68
whats an alcohol
has OH Group 1,2,3, degree
69
whats a Thiol
has SH Group 1,2,3, degree
70
whats an ether
R-O-R structure usually bent looking around O or S
71
whats a thioether
R-S-R structure usually bent looking around O or S
72
Whats a aldehyde
contains carbonyls C=o strongly polar found in biomolecules AT END WITH H
72
whats a ketone
contains carbonyls C=o strongly polar found in biomolecules in MIDDLE WITH C
73
whats an ester
contains carbonyls (C=O) next to oxygens commonly used for artificial flavoring MIDDLE (NO OH)
73
Whats a carboxylic Acid
-contains carbonyls (C=O) -next to oxygens -Acidic END (WITH OH)
74
whats an isomer
Compounds with the same chemical formulas but different arrangement of atoms
75
what are the three types of isomers
Structural, geometric, optical
75
Compounds with the same chemical formulas but different arrangement of atoms are called what
isomers
76
What branches are in stereoisomers
Geometric, optical
77
Constitutional isomer
Atoms connected in a different order -can use lewis
77
Stereoisomer
Same connectivity but different arrangement in space -VSPER needed to identify
77
what are geometric and optical branched from?
stereoisomers
78
Geometric
different spatial arrangements -trans -cis
79
Optical
non-superimposable mirror image -occurs in alkanes -pair=enantiomers -molecules with enantiomers= chiral -C with 4 groups bound= chiral centre THINK OF HANDS
80
What are the formulas for alkane alkene alkyne
CnHn +2 CnHn CnHn-2

CHEM LECTURE FINAL (8 decks)

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