Chemical and Enzymatic methods Flashcards by Marsh Macaraeg

Reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions forming
cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution by glucose.

Alkaline copper reduction method

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Cuprous lons + Phosphomolybdate
= Phosphomolybdic Acid or Phosphomolybdenum Blue

Folin Wu method

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Cuprous lons +
Arsenomolybdate
=Arsenomolybdic Acid or Arsenomolybdenum Blue

❑Accurate but labor intensive and difficult to automate

Nelson Somogyi method

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Cuprous lons + Neocuproine = Cuprous-Neocuproine Complex (Yellow or Yellow
Orange)

Neocuproine method

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Modification of Folin Wu
❑It is used for the detection and quantitation
of reducing substances in body fluids like
blood and urine.

Benedict’s method

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stabilizing agents of benedict

tartrate
citrate

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❑It involves reduction of a yellow ferricyanide
to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose
(Inverse Colorimetry).

Hagedorn Jensen

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Ortho-toluidine (Dubowski
Method)
❑Glacial HAC heat/AC
Schiff’s base

Condensation method

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Acts on glucose but not on other sugars and
not on other reducing substances.

Enzymatic methods

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Glucose oxidase method measures:

B-D glucose
Csf
Urine glucose

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Glucose + O2→gluconic acid +

H2O2

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H2O2 measurement methods:

Trinder’s
Peroxidase

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Hydrogen peroxidase measurement methods

Trinder
Peroxidase

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initially colorless but when
exposed to O2 becomes orange-brown

Ortho-dianisidine method

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It measures rate of oxygen consumption
which is proportional to glucose
concentration.

Polarographic Glucose oxidase

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The hydrogen peroxide is prevented from reforming oxygen by adding:

Molybdate
Iodide
Catalase
Ethanol

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• It is the most specific glucose method;
reference method.

Hexokinase method

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Additives used for specimen in hexokinase

EDTA
heparin
fluoride
oxalate
citrate

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Besides form plasma, what ate other samples used in hexokinase?

urine
CSF
serous fluids

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Enzyme involved in hexokinase method

Glu-6-PD

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Substances responsible for false decreased values in glucose oxidase method

bilirubin
ascorbate
uric acid
glutathione
methyldopa
creatinine
l-cystine
l-dopa
dopamine
citric acid

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True or False. Hexokinase method is not affected by the presence of ascorbic acid or uric
acid.

True

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true or false. Hexokinase method is not affected by the presence of ascorbic acid or uric
acid

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true

❑In this method, glucose is reduced to produce a
chromophore that is measured
spectrophotometrically or an electrical current

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Glucose dehydrogenase method

this is added to shorten the time necessary to reach equilibrium.

mutarotase

• It is effective in reducing the rate of development of diabetic complications

Dextrostics

❑It is requested during insulin shock and hyperglycemia ketonic coma.

RBS

It is a measure of overall glucose homeostasis. ❑Requirement: NPO (Non-Per Orem) at least 8 hours before the test

FBS

❑It measures how well the body metabolizes glucose.

2-Hour PPBS

It is a multiple blood sugar test It is not generally recommended for routine clinical use in the diagnosis of diabetes.

GTT

GTT is for diagnosis of:

Gestational diabetes

two methods under OGTT

Janney-Isaacson Method Exton Rose Method

single dose method

Janney-Isaacson Method

Divided Oral Dose or Double Dose method

Exton Rose Method

It is used for DM patients with gastrointestinal disorders. – Fasting blood sample is also required

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT)

criteria for FPG: Non diabetic Impaire PG DM

100 100-125 >126

Categories of OGTT: Normal/Non-diabetic Impaired GTT DM

2-hr PG < 140mg/dl 2-hr PG 140-199 mg/dl 2-hr PG >200mg/dl

Formation of a hemoglobin compound which is produced when glucose reacts with the amino group of hemoglobin

Glycosylated hb

Increased Glycosylated Hb

Pregnancy in 2nd and 3rd trimester and DM

Decreased gkycosylated hb

Hemoglobinopathies, blood loss, transfusion, Hemolysis

Also known as GLYCATED ALBUMIN

Fructosamine

Inborn errors of CHO metabolism

Galactosemia Lactose intolerance Glycogen storage disease

Group of inherited disorders impairing the ability of the body to process and produce energy from galactose

galactosemia

characterized by complete deficiency of Signs and symptoms include liver dysfunction, susceptibility to infections, failure to thrive and cataracts

classic galactosemia

Impairs ability of liver to produce free glucose from glycogen in glycogenolysis and also affects gluconeogenesis

Glycogen storage disease

Most common GSD; results from deficiency of glucose 6 phosphatase

GSD Type 1 or Von Gierke disease

Gastrointestinal condition characterized by low levels of lactase in the small intestine

Lactose intolerance

refers to diabetes occurring as a result of the diseases of exocrine pancreas

Type 3C DM

other names of type 3c dm

– Pancreatogenic or – pancreatogenous diabetes mellitus. – Pancreatic diabetes. – Pancreoprivic diabetes.

causes of type 3c diabetes

• Chronic pancreatitis. • Acute pancreatitis. • Pancreatic cancer. • Hemochromatosis. • Cystic fibrosis. • Pancreatectomy

give the minor criteria for type 3c

– Impaired β-cell function – No excessive insulin resistance – Impaired incretin or pancreatic polypeptide secretion. – Low serum levels of lipid (fat) soluble vitamins (A, D, E, or K).

most commonly detected; glucose attached to one or both N terminal valine of the beta polypeptide chain of normal adult Hb

HbA1c

Specimen requirement of Glycosylated Hb

EDTA whole blood

Fructosamine is useful for monitoring diabetes with:

Chronic Hemolytic anemia Hemoglobin variants

Most common and most severe type of galactosemia

Galactosemia type 1

Causes of lactose intolerance

gastrointestinal discomfort cramps diarrhea

Chemical and Enzymatic methods Flashcards

(56 cards)