Chemical and Physical Properties

Question 1

What is the NFPA’s definition of Risk Based Response?

Answer 1

A systematic process, based on the facts, science, and circumstances of the incident, by which responders analyze a problem involving hazardous materials/WMD to assess the hazards and consequences, develop an incident action plan (IAP), and evaluate the effectiveness of the plan.

—NFPA 470 3.3.75

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 2

(1.) — are characteristics that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of the material. Some examples of physical properties include color, odor, and boiling point.

Answer 2

1. physical properties

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 3

(1.) — is defined as how easily something will burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion.

Answer 3

1. flammability

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 4

(1.) — is the degree to which a product can damage an organism. In product hazard analysis, we generally discuss toxicity in relation to its potential to cause death or serious harm to humans.

Answer 4

1. toxicity

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 5

(1.) — refers to the degree to which a product damages metal or organic tissues—most notably the skin or internal organs (if ingested).

Answer 5

1. corrosivity

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 6

(1.) — refers to a chemical’s tendency to interact with other chemicals, sometimes violently. Some chemicals react violently when exposed to water or air.

Answer 6

1. reactivity

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 7

(1.) — refers to the emission of ionizing radiation, a form of energy that can lead to changes in living cells. You will learn more about radioactivity if you take Chemical Hazard Analysis for Risk Based Response.

Answer 7

1. radioactivity

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 8

What are the six critical components of a product hazard analysis?

Answer 8

1. Physical properties
2. Flammability
3. Toxicity
4. Corrosivity
5. Reactivity
6. Radioactivity

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 9

What are the four incident considerations evaluated during the Risk-Based Response process?

Answer 9

1. Product
2. Container
3. Environment
4. Cause

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 10

Risk-based response is based on (1.) —, (2.) — and (3.) —. (4.) are pieces of information that are known or can be proven to be true. (5.) refers to a systematically organized body of knowledge on the physical and natural world. (6.) are conditions connected to or relevant to an incident or event.

Answer 10

1. Facts
2. Science
3. Circumstances
4. Facts
5. Science
6. Circumstances

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 11

There are some materials that never become a liquid as they transition from a solid to a gas or vapor. This process is called (1.) —.

Answer 11

1. sublimation

For example, dry ice changes phase directly from its solid form to the gaseous form of carbon dioxide.nnected to or relevant to an incident or event.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 12

The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes its phase to a gas/vapor at its (1.) — possible rate.

Answer 12

1. fastest

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 13

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is (1.) — pounds per square inch (PSI) or (2.) — millimeters of mercury (mm/Hg).

Answer 13

1. 14.7
2. 760

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 14

(1.) — is a measure of the pressure exerted by the surface of a liquid and some solids against atmospheric pressure at a given temperature.

Answer 14

1. Vapor pressure (Vp)

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 15

Vapor pressure indicates a material’s ability to evaporate. Substances with a (1.) — vapor pressure will evaporate more readily than those with a (2.) — vapor pressure.

Answer 15

1. higher
2. lower

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 16

(1.) — is the ability of one product to be dissolved by another.

Answer 16

1. solubility

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 17

(1.) — is the weight or density of a substance in comparison to water (with water being “1”).

Answer 17

1. specific gravity (SG)

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 18

(1.) — is the weight of a vapor at a given temperature and pressure.

Answer 18

1. vapor density (Vd)

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 19

When analyzing a product’s flammability hazards, you must consider several variables. For combustion to occur, the material must first be evolving sufficient (1.) —. Second, the gases or vapors must be in a proper (2.) — in air to support combustion. Third, an (3.) — source must be present.

Answer 19

1. vapors
2. concentration
3. ignition

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 20

(1.) — is the minimum temperature at which a liquid and some volatile solids will produce enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture in the air.

Answer 20

1. Flash point

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 21

(1.) — refers to the range between the lower explosive limit (LEL) and upper explosive limit (UEL), expressed as a percentage. Below the LEL, the vapor/air mixture is “too lean to burn.” Above the UEL, the mixture is “too rich to burn.”

Answer 21

1. Flammable range

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 22

(1.) — is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause combustion.
It is also known as autoignition temperature.

Answer 22

1. Ignition temperature

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 23

At a chemical’s (1.) —, if an ignition source is introduced, the mixture will flash but will not continue to burn because the vapor has been consumed. However, depending upon the material involved, with slight increases in temperature beyond the flash point, the material will continue to burn if ignited. This higher temperature is referred to as the (2.) —.

Answer 23

1. flash point
2. fire point (AKA flame point)

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 24

The National Fire Protection Association identifies combustible materials as those substances with a flash point of greater than (1.) —.

Answer 24

1. 100°F (38°C)

The U.S. Department of Transportation uses 140°F (60°C) to differentiate between flammable and combustible liquids.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 25

The National Fire Protection Association identifies flammable materials as those substances with a flash point of less than **(1.) ---**.

Answer 25

1. 100°F (38°C) *The U.S. Department of Transportation uses 140°F (60°C) to differentiate between flammable and combustible liquids.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 26

A chemical's **(1.) ---** is the minimum percentage concentration of gas or vapor in air needed for combustion to occur if an ignition source is provided.

Answer 26

1. lower explosive limit (LEL) ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 27

The range between the LEL and UEL is referred to as the **(1.) ---**.

Answer 27

1. flammable range ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 28

The **(1.) ---** is the maximum percentage concentration of gas or vapor in air which will allow for combustion to occur.

Answer 28

1. upper explosive limit (UEL) ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 29

During **(1.) ---**, there is very little or no visible smoke.

Answer 29

1. complete combustion ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 30

If insufficient **(1.) ---** is present for the combustion process, then incomplete combustion will occur, resulting in the production of large qualities of carbon monoxide.

Answer 30

1. oxygen ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 31

Some common toxic gases produced during combustion include: **(1.) ---** **(2.) ---** **(3.) ---** **(4.) ---** of nitrogen and sulfur **(5.) ---** gases **(6.) ---** aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Answer 31

1. Carbon monoxide 2. Hydrogen cyanide 3. Formaldehyde (a confirmed carcinogen) and other aldehydes 4. Oxides 5. Acid 6. Polycyclic ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 32

**(1.) ---** is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion of a flammable gas or vapor within its flammable range.

Answer 32

1. Ignition temperature (AKA autoignition temperature) ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 33

**(1.) ---** is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion of a flammable gas or vapor within its flammable range.

Answer 33

1. Ignition temperature (AKA autoignition temperature) ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 34

The **(1.) ---** is the airborne concentration at which, if exposed by the inhalation route of exposure, injury or irreversible health effects may result. NIOSH has also identified flammable concentrations of **(2.) ---** percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL) to be an IDLH environment.

Answer 34

1. IDLH 2. 10 ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 35

A **(1.) ---** material is one that damages metal or organic tissues.

Answer 35

1. corrosive ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 36

An acidic material, known as an acid, releases a **(1.) ---** ion when dissolved in water.

Answer 36

1. hydronium (H+) *The more hydronium ions there are in a solution, the more acidic it is.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 37

A material with a pH of **(1.) ---**, such as pure water, is neutral—neither acidic nor alkaline (or basic)

Answer 37

1. 7 ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 38

An alkaline material, known as a base, releases a ion when dissolved in water.

Answer 38

1. hydroxide (OH-) *The more hydroxide ions there are in a solution, the more basic (alkaline) it is. Bases are also referred to as caustic.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 39

What does "pH" stand for?

Answer 39

1. percent hydrogen ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 40

As the ratio of H+ or OH- ions to water molecules change, so does the pH. As an example, pure water has a pH of 7. This means that one in every **(1.) ---** water molecules has lost a hydrogen nucleus to make a hydronium ion (H+).

Answer 40

1. 10,000,000 *The number 10,000,000 has seven zeros. Using the same logic, a substance with a pH of 5 would have one hydronium ion (H+) for every 100,000 water molecules.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 41

Neutralization is an acid-base reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form **(1.) ---** and water—thus reducing corrosivity hazards.

Answer 41

1. salt ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 42

Simply put, acids neutralize bases, and bases neutralize acids. However, the neutralization process involves a complicated formula. Fortunately, the **(1.) ---** has a neutralization calculator that simplifies this task for responders. Given an amount of an acid or base, it will suggest neutralization substances and quantities required

Answer 42

1. Emergency Response Decision Support System (ERDSS) ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 43

Not only is it important to determine the strength of an acid or base, but we must also identify the **(1.) ---**—or how much of the substance is in water.

Answer 43

1. concentration ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 44

The term **(1.) ---** is given to pure or nearly pure organic acids. such as glacial acetic acid.

Answer 44

1. glacial *e.g., glacial acetic acid Weak acids in high concentration can present a significant hazard.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 45

Although the pH of acetic acid (vinegar) is around 4.7, in its **(1.) ---** form, it is virtually pure at 99.8%. At this concentration, it will fume, it will present with a fire risk, and it will damage skin on contact.

Answer 45

1. glacial ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 46

Although the pH of acetic acid (vinegar) is around 4.7, in its **(1.) ---** form, it is virtually pure at 99.8%. At this concentration, it will fume, it will present with a fire risk, and it will damage skin on contact.

Answer 46

1. glacial ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 47

A substance's **(1.) ---** level tells you its **(2.) ---**, or its ability to release H+ or OH- ions to form an acid or base. A substance's **(3.) ---** refers to how much of the substance there is in **(4.) ---** .

Answer 47

1. pH 2. strength 3. concentration 4. water *Responders should always evaluate both pH (strength) and concentration when assessing the risks presented by corrosives.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 48

An **(1.) ---** reaction is a chemical reaction that requires the absorption of heat energy to initiate and sustain the reaction.

Answer 48

1. endothermic *We typically see endothermic reactions as those that absorb heat, which results in cooling. For example, ammonium nitrate and water are commonly used in cold packs for medical care.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 49

An **(1.) ---** reaction is a chemical reaction accompanied by the release of energy in the form of heat. We typically see this in the form of heat, and in the case of combustion, associated light.

Answer 49

1. exothermic ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 50

**(1.) ---** reactivity refers to materials that will undergo a chemical reaction on contact with air. The reaction is most commonly **(2.) ---**-thermic.

Answer 50

1. air 2. endo- ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 51

**(1.) ---** reactivity refers to materials that will undergo an **(2.) ---**-thermic reaction on contact with water or moisture in the air.

Answer 51

1. water 2. exo- ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 52

A **(1.) ---** reaction is one involving the spontaneous ignition of materials in contact with air, water, or moisture in the air.

Answer 52

1. pyrophoric ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 53

An **(1.) ---** reaction is one in which one material, called an oxidizer, takes electrons from other materials, called **(2.) ---** agents.

Answer 53

1. oxidation 2. reducing * Combustion is the perfect example of oxidation. Oxidation reactions can be slow, such the rusting of iron, or rapid, as seen in combustion, hypergolic reactions, or explosives.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 54

A **(1.) ---** reaction is a spontaneous violent reaction that results from the combination of two reactive substances.

Answer 54

1. hypergolic ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 55

**(1.) ---** materials are explosive materials or substances that have the potential of undergoing rapid chemical reactions to produce large volumes of gases and associated shockwaves.

Answer 55

1. Energetic ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 56

In this type of reaction, certain molecules (known as monomers) combine to form chainlike macromolecules (known as polymers).

Answer 56

1. Polymerization ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 57

A **(1.) ---** is a chemical compound capable of undergoing a polymerization reaction to form polymers and synthetic resins.

Answer 57

1. monomer ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 58

**(1.) ---** are organic compounds involving the peroxide functional group, which is an unstable arrangement of two **(2.) ---** joined by a single bond.

Answer 58

1. organic peroxides 2. oxygen atoms ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 59

**(1.) ---** are organic compounds involving the peroxide functional group, which is an unstable arrangement of two **(2.) ---** joined by a single bond.

Answer 59

1. organic peroxides 2. oxygen atoms *Simple application of heat can result in the violent decomposition of the material.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 60

Atomic nuclei consist of two types of subatomic particles, positively charged **(1.) ---** and electrically neutral **(2.) ---**. The ratio of these subatomic particles is generally very close to **(3.) ---**.

Answer 60

1. protons 2. neutrons 3. 1:1 ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 61

An atom is stable when it remains close to a one-to-one proton-to-neutron ratio. As an atom diverges from this ratio, it begins to become unstable and will undergo a decay process and emit **(1.) ---** radiation.

Answer 61

1. ionizing ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 62

**(1.) ---** decay is the process by which the nucleus of an atom releases particles or energy in order to reach a stable state.

Answer 62

1. radioactive ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 63

**(1.) ---** radiation is any radiation capable of displacing electrons from atoms, thereby producing ions.

Answer 63

1. Ionizing ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 64

State five types of ionizing radiation.

Answer 64

1. alpha particles 2. beta particles 3. gamma rays 4. neutrons 5. x rays ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 65

An alpha particle is a particle made up of **(1.) ---** emitted from the nucleus of an unstable atom

Answer 65

1. two protons and two neutrons ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 66

Alpha particles are a nucleus of the **(1.) ---** atom with no electrons.

Answer 66

1. helium *An alpha particle will readily ionize atoms in the air to gain two electrons and become a stable helium atom.* ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 67

A beta particle is fast-moving, electron-sized particle emitted from the nucleus of an unstable atom during decay.

Answer 67

1. ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 68

Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus of unstable atoms during radioactive decay.A beta particle is fast-moving, electron-sized particle emitted from the nucleus of an unstable atom during decay.

Answer 68

1. ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 69

Neutrons have the possibility of striking the nuclei of other materials and causing them to fragment and throw off parts of the nucleus. If this change in atomic mass of the atom it strikes results in an unstable proton-to-neutron ratio, then that atom may undergo decay and emit ionizing radiation. Neutron radiation is very penetrating.

Answer 69

1. ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 70

The periodic table shows the number of protons (the atomic number) and the atomic mass, or weight, of the atom. If we subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass (after rounding it to the nearest whole number), we can identify the number of neutrons in the nucleus. If this ratio is close to one to one, it generally will not produce ionizing radiation.

Answer 70

1. ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 71

All elements on the periodic table have what are called isotopes. These isotopes have the same number of protons as the most common form represented on the periodic table, but they have a different number of neutrons.

Answer 71

1. ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

Question 72

All elements on the periodic table have what are called isotopes. These isotopes have the same number of protons as the most common form represented on the periodic table, but they have a different number of neutrons.

Answer 72

1. ## Footnote NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms