CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
scientific discipline concerned with the atomic composition and structure of substances and the reaction they undergo.
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CHEMISTRY
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Q
• anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, liquid, or gas)
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Matter
3
Q
• amount of matter in an object
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Mass
4
Q
• gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass
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Weight
5
Q
• simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties
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Element
6
Q
smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element
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Atom
7
Q
- Atoms consist of ______, ________, and _________.
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neutrons (uncharged), positively charged protons, and negatively charged electrons.
8
Q
atom is electrically ______ because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
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neutral
9
Q
- Protons and neutrons are in the ______, and electrons can be represented by an electron cloud around the nucleus.
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nucleus
10
Q
- number of protons in each atom of an element
* also, the number of electrons
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ATOMIC NUMBER
11
Q
• number of protons and neutrons in each atom
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MASS NUMBER
12
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• occurs when outermost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms
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CHEMICAL BONDS
13
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• are electrically charged particles formed when atoms loss or gain electrons
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Ions
14
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• results when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions
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Ionic bonding
15
Q
- Formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
* Resulting combination of atoms is called molecule
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Covalent Bonding
16
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• Sharing of one pair of electrons by two atoms
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Single covalent bond
17
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• Sharing of two pairs of electrons by two atoms
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Double covalent bond
18
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- Unequal, asymmetrical sharing of electrons between two atoms
- Molecules with asymmetrical electrical charge
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Polar covalent bond
19
Q
- Equal sharing of electrons between two atoms
* Molecules with a symmetrical electrical charge
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Nonpolar covalent bond
20
Q
- Polar molecules have a positive end and a negative end
- forms when positive end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to negative end of another polar molecule
- The attraction between molecules is much weaker than in ionic or covalent bonds
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HYDROGEN BONDS
21
Q
• formed when 2 or more atoms chemically combine
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Molecule
22
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• a substance resulting from the chemical combination of 2 or more different types of atoms
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Compound
23
Q
• the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules.
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Dissociation
24
Q
dissociated ions are sometimes called _____
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electrolytes.
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classification of chemical reaction which • two or more reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product
Synthesis reactions
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• reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products
Decomposition reactions
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• combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction
Exchange reactions
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* in decomposition, reactants are ______.
| * in synthesis, the products of the decomposition reaction are _______
broken down
| combined
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• a chemical reaction that can proceed from reactants to products and from products to reactants
Reversible reactions
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• the capacity to do work
ENERGY
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stored energy that could do work but is not doing so
Potential energy
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does work by causing the movement of an object
Kinetic energy
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• a form of potential energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules).
Chemical energy
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ATP stands for ______
• adenosine triphosphate
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• often called the energy currency of cells because it is capable of both storing and providing energy
ATP
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The rate of a chemical reaction increases when
1. the concentration of the reactants increases
2. the temperature increases
3. catalyst is present
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• A _______ increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered permanently
catalyst (enzyme)
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* a proton (hydrogen ion) donor
| * any substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water
Acid
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• a proton acceptor
Base
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* has equal number of H+ and OH-
| * pH of 7
Neutral solution
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* has a greater concentration of H+ than of OH-
| * pH less than 7
Acidic solution
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* has fewer H+ than OH-
| * pH greater than 7.0
Basic solution
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• the normal pH range for human blood
7.35 to 7.45
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* blood pH drops below 7.35
| * nervous system is depressed, the individual becomes disoriented and possibly comatose
Acidosis
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* blood pH rises above 7.45
| * nervous system becomes over excitable, individual can be extremely nervous, or have convulsions
Alkalosis
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• forms when an acid reacts with a base
Salts
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• chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added
Buffers
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• those that do not contain carbon but include such carbon-containing substances as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).
Inorganic molecules
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• contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds
Organic molecules
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• small, nonpolar, inorganic molecule consisting of 2 oxygen atoms bound together by a double covalent bond.
Oxygen (O2)
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• consists of one carbon atom bound to 2 oxygen atoms
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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• an inorganic molecule that consists of one atom of oxygen joined by polar covalent bonds to two atoms of hydrogen.
Water (H2O)
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states the 4 function of water h20
* Stabilizing body temperature
* Providing protection
* Facilitating chemical reactions
* Transporting substances
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* Provide the body with energy
* Contain C, H, O atoms
* For each carbon atom, there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
1. CARBOHYDRATES
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states the 4 function of carbohydrates
* Short-term energy storage
* Converted to glucose quickly
* Glucose is used to make ATP (energy)
* Brain cells require glucose
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• the building blocks of carbohydrates that form more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
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• 2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
disaccharides
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• many monosaccharides bound in long chains
Polysaccharides
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Substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but not in polar solvents, such as water.
2. LIPIDS
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states the 4 function of LIPIDS
* Long term energy storage
* Insulates against heat loss
* Protective cushion for organs
* Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane structure
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• important energy-storage molecules; they also pad and insulate the body.
FATS
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building blocks of fats
glycerol and fatty acids.
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3-carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group (—OH) attached to each carbon atom, and fatty acids consist of a carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached at one end.
• Glycerol
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the most common type of fat molecules. These have three fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule.
• Triglycerides
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it contains only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms.
bad fats
• Saturated
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it has one or more double covalent bonds.
has one or more double covalent bonds. They are the best type of fats in the diet
good fats
• Unsaturated
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a saturated fatty acid; it contains no double bonds between the carbons.
A. Palmitic acid
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an unsaturated fatty acid; note the three double bonds between the carbons, which cause the molecule to have a bent shape.
Linolenic acid
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fats, such as olive and peanut oils, have one double covalent bond between carbon atoms.
• Monounsaturated fats
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fats, such as safflower, sunflower, corn, and fish oils, have two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
• Polyunsaturated fats
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unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered by the addition of H atoms. The process makes the fats more saturated and hence more solid and stable (longer shelf-life).
• Trans fats
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• similar to triglycerides, except that one of the fatty acids bound to the glycerol is replaced by a molecule containing phosphorus.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
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• A phospholipid is _____ at the end of the molecule to which the phosphate is bound and ____ at the other end.
polar
| nonpolar
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• The _______ of the molecule is attracted to water and is said to be _________. The _______ is repelled by water and is said to be _________
polar end, hydrophilic (water-loving)
| nonpolar end, hydrophobic (water-fearing)
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• a group of important chemicals derived from fatty acids.
EICOSANOIDS
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made in most cells and are important regulatory molecules. Among their numerous effects is their role in the response of tissues to injuries.
• Eicosanoids
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• composed of carbon atoms bound together into four ringlike structures.
Steroids
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contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and most have some sulfur.
3. PROTEINS
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• The building blocks of proteins
amino acids
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• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are organic acids containing an _______ and a ________
amine group (–NH2) and a carboxyl group.
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There are ___ basic types of amino acids. Humans can synthesize 12 of them from simple organic molecules, but the remaining ___ so-called essential amino acids must be obtained in the diet.
20
| 8
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alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress
Denaturation
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state the function of protein
* Used to make skin, hair, nails, muscles
* For transport (e.g. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood)
* Act as enzymes
* Immune system functions
* Muscle contractions (actin and myosin)
* Part of cell membrane
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• Composed of C, H, O, N, P
4. NUCLEIC ACID
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building blocks of nucleic acid
• Nucleotides
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carries genetic material
DNA
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• DNA nucleotides contain the _________ and the organic bases _____, ______, _______, and ______.
monosaccharide deoxyribose
| adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
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DNA occurs as a double strand of joined ________ and is the genetic material of cells.
nucleotides
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RNA nucleotides are composed of the ________
monosaccharide ribose
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organic bases of RNA
adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine
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_______ can be used as energy sources. ______ (polysaccharide) is an energy storage molecule.
Monosaccharides
| Glycogen
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Fats can be _____ and ______ later for energy
stored
| broken down
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______ and ______ are important components of cell membranes
Phospholipids
| cholesterol
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________ regulate many physiological processes
Steroid hormones
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______ control the rate of chemical reactions. ______ regulate many physiological processes
Enzymes
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________ form a structural framework in many parts of the body.
Collagen fibers
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Proteins can be broken down for energy; per unit of weight they yield the same energy as carbohydrates
Proteins
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_____ and ______ in muscle are responsible for muscle contraction
Actin
| myosin
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_______ transports oxygen in the blood.
Hemoglobin
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______ and ______- protect against microorganisms and other foreign substances.
Antibodies
| complement
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_______ directs the activities of the cell.
DNA
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______ are pieces of DNA that can be passed from one generation to the next generation.
Genes
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_____ is involved in protein synthesis.
RNA
