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General Botany Lecture > Chemical basis of plant life > Flashcards

Chemical basis of plant life Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Are uncharged sub-atomic particles of essentially the same mass as protons

A

Neutrons

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2
Q

They contribute to the structural stability of the nucleus (of atoms)

A

Neutrons

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3
Q

Because of neutrons, an element can exist in several chemically distinguishable but physically identical forms, True or False?

A

False!
It should be physically distinguishable but chemically identical forms

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4
Q

An atom is most stable when its innermost electron shell is filled, True or False?

A

False
It should be the outermost electron shell

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5
Q

_____ do not depend on shared electrons but rather attractive forces between atoms having opposite charges

A

Non-covalent bonds

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6
Q

What kind of molecule is water?

A

Polar covalent molecule

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7
Q

_____ is formed when an electron is transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic bond

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8
Q

It plays an important role in binding protein molecules to DNA molecules

A

Ionic bonds

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9
Q

The DNA molecule is composed of two different strands held by a ______

A

Non-covalent hydrogen bond
(this is what the notes say but I think it should be covalent)

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10
Q

Plant life is totally dependent on sugar, True or False?

A

It is technically true but for this question, the answer is Water so it’s False.

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11
Q

It is a highly asymmetric molecule

A

Water/ water molecule

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12
Q

The importance of water to plant life:

A

Temperature buffer, Capillary action, Solvent, and Transparent to light

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13
Q

The property of water that can resist rapid temperature fluctuations which adds stability to the plant body

A

Temperature buffer

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14
Q

This happens because of the property of water that is cohesive, adhesive, and high surface tension

A

Capillary action

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15
Q

The ability of one water molecule to bind with another water molecule

A

Cohesion

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16
Q

It refers to the attraction of water molecules to non-water hydrophilic substances

A

Adhesion

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17
Q

The ability of the hydrogen bonds of water molecules to dissolve solutes

A

Solvent

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18
Q

It determines the structure of biological molecules and the types of interaction in which they can engage

A

Water

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19
Q

It is chemically inert that water will not react unless they are enzymatically designed to react, True or False?

A

True

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20
Q

It is the major component of plant cells (almost 70%)

A

Water

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21
Q

As the central vacuole absorbs water, it can provide structural support via _______

A

Turgor pressure

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22
Q

Water plays a vital role in cell _____ and _____

A

elongation and growth

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23
Q

Uncharged non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water because they form few or no hydrogen bonds at all

A

Hydrophobic molecules or hydrophobes

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24
Q

These are clamps of cages where an endothermic reaction happens when a hydrophobic molecule is added to water

A

Micelles

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25
Are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions:
Micelles
26
Interactions that occur between hydrophobic molecules are called?
Van der waals interaction
27
These are hydrophobic molecules found in the body
Fats and oils (lipids)
28
Polar molecules that dissolve in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
Hydrophilic molecules or hydrophiles
29
This mixing of molecules causes an exothermic reaction
Hydrophilic molecules mixing with water molecules
30
These are charged molecules (hydrophiles) found in the plant body
Salt and ions
31
Several macromolecules and small molecules fall under the category of?
Biomolecules
32
These contain carbon atoms, is the structural molecules of a plant cell, and carry out activities for the cell
Macromolecules
33
Macromolecules are constructed from monomers to polymers by what process?
Polymerization
34
What are the major macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid
35
To form macromolecules, cells maintain a pool of low molecular weight precursors (monomers), True or False?
True
36
What are the monomers of the main macromolecules?
Sugar, fatty acid (and glycerol), amino acid, and nucleotides
37
It is an intermediate or end product of metabolism
Metabolites or metabolic intermediates
38
Molecules found in the cell are synthesized in a step-by-step sequence beginning with a specific starting material
Metabolic pathway
39
It is an energy-releasing reaction and it breaks down complex metabolites into simpler ones
Catabolic reactions
40
It is an energy-consuming reaction and it builds up new molecules
Anabolic reaction
41
It is an intermediate energy carrier
ATP
42
The conversion of one molecule to other may either be dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis, True or False?
True
43
Monomers that combine via covalent bonds to form polymers
Dehydration synthesis
44
Water is the biproduct of what biochemical reaction?
Dehydration synthesis
45
It is the breaking down of molecules using water molecules (polymers to monomers)
Hydrolysis
46
In the hydrolysis of _____, one part gains two positively charged hydrogen while the other gains one negatively charged oxygen
Ionized molecules
47
Compounds that are formed along the metabolic pathways leading to the end product that can have no function per se
Metabolic intermediates or metabolites
48
Molecules of different functions
Miscellaneous functions
49
A molecule of miscellaneous function that adjuncts to proteins
Vitamins
50
Signal molecules that affect plant growth
Hormones
51
is ATP part of the miscellaneous functions, True or False?
True
52
Molecules of miscellaneous functions which has an example of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)
Regulatory molecules
53
An example of metabolic waste product produced in the cell (miscellaneous function)
Urea
54
The main plant biological molecules (biomolecules)
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, and Nucleic acid
55
Carbohydrates are sometimes called _____
Glycans
56
Simplest sugars
Monosaccharides
57
The general formula of carbohydrates
(CH2O)n
58
Each sugar molecule is made of carbon atoms backboned and linked together in a linear array in a single carbonyl group, True or False?
False Instead of the carbonyl group, it should be the hydroxyl group
59
a.) A sugar with a carbonyl group located at the internal position? b.) A sugar with a carbonyl group located at one end of the sugar?
a.) ketol group = ketose b.) aldehyde group = aldose
60
Sugar names are dependent on?
The number of carbons
61
Two monosaccharides form?
Disaccharides
62
The sugar linkage between sugars to form larger molecules is called
Covalent glycosidic bond
63
It is the major component (sugar) of plant sap (Sap is a fluid transported in xylem cells or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant. These cells transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.)
Sucrose or table sugar
64
Short chains of repeating sugar subunits (glycolipids and glycoproteins)
Oligosaccharides
65
These are commonly found p[rojecting from the surface of the plasmalemma (cell membrane) that would function in distinguishing one type of cell from another
Oligosaccharides
66
Long chains of repeating sugar subunits (cellulose and starch)
Polysaccharides
67
A biomolecule that functions primarily as a source and storage of chemical energy
Carbohydrates
68
A biomolecule that plays a vital role as structural component of the cell
Carbohydrates
69
A diverse group of non-polar molecules that cannot be dissolved in water (can be dissolved in organic solvent, water is inorganic)
Lipids
70
Building blocks (precursor or monomer) of lipids
Fatty acids More specifically, 1 glycerol linked with ester bonds to 3 fatty acids
71
Lipids are sometimes called ______ or ______
triacylglycerol or triglycerides
72
Molecules with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Amphipathic
73
a.) Fatty acids that lack double bonds? b.) Fatty acids that possess double bonds?
a.) Saturated b.) Unsaturated
74
Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats, respectively?
Fats and oil, respectively.
75
A kind of lipid with 2 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (the 3rd group is linked to a phosphate group)
Phospholipids
76
What is the cell membrane mainly composed of?
bilayer of Phospholipids
77
The hydrophilic head of phospholipid contains the phosphate group while the hydrophobic tail contains 2 fatty acids, True or False?
True
78
A biomolecule that promotes chemical reactions
Protein (enzymes)
79
A biomolecule that forms channels and pumps in the cell membrane
Protein (protein channels)
80
They act as signal integrators and carry messages from one cell to another
Protein
81
It propels organelles within the cytoplasm
Protein
82
The monomers of proteins
Amino acids
83
Amino acids contain a carboxyl group and amino group separated by a single carbon atom called?
Alpha carbon
84
Amino acids are classified into four groups (based on the side chain or R group):
Polar charged, polar uncharged, non-polar, and sidechains with unique properties
85
What are the four protein structures?
1. Primary structure (amino acid sequence) 2. Secondary structure (regular sub-structures) 3. Tertiary structure (three-dimensional structure) 4. Quaternary structure (complex protein molecules)
86
Protein catalyst for chemical reactions and lowers activation energy to start reactions
Enzymes
87
Enzymes are not altered irreversibly during the course of reactions, True or False?
True
88
The name of an enzyme is dependent on the ____
Substrate they are acting with
89
This usually ends with a suffix -ase
Enzyme
90
What is the 'catalyze reaction' process of enzymes called?
Once called lock-and-key model, now called induced-fit model
91
The binding of a substrate to an enzyme's active site is termed?
Enzyme-substrate complex or ES complex
92
Long chains of nucleotides (monomer)?
Nucleic acids
93
A nucleotide is composed of?
pento-sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
94
The sugar (ribosugar or deoxyribosugar) and nitrogenous base form the?
Nucleoside
95
A nucleotide used as energy for metabolism
ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate
96
Two kinds of nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine in DNA, Uracil in RNA) and purines (Adenine and Guanine)
97
A kind of nucleic acid that has a single strand, is not stable in alkaline solutions, and is resistant to damage from UV light
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
98
A kind of nucleic acid that is double-stranded and longer, vulnerable to damage from UV light, but more stable because of the pento-sugar it has.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
99
Functions of nucleotides:
Energy for metabolism, enzyme cofactors, and signal transduction
100
Functions of nucleic acid:
Storage, transmission, and processing of genetic information, and protein synthesis

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