chemical bonding

Question 1

types of chemical bonding

Answer 1

• ionic
• covalent
• metallic

Question 2

what is ionic bonding

Answer 2

the mutual electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charges

Question 3

how to name ionic compounds

Answer 3

• cation first
• anion second

Question 4

how to find the name of an ion

Answer 4

the element name + ‘ide’ (e.g. chlorine ion = chloride)

(oxygen atom present, _ate)

Question 5

what is the formulae to find ionic compounds

Answer 5

cross multiply

Question 6

what is important when drawing the ions (with different charge) of ionic compounds

Answer 6

put the number infront of the ion that does not have enough to cancel out the other ion

(e.g. 2[ion drawing]

Question 7

polyatomic ions

Answer 7

• hydroxide ion
• nitrate ion
• sulfate ion
• carbonate ion
• phosphate ion
• ammonium ion

Question 8

chemical formula for hydroxide ion

Answer 8

OH⁻

Question 9

chemical formula for nitrate ion

Answer 9

NO₃⁻

Question 10

chemical formula for sulfate ion

Answer 10

SO₄²⁻

Question 11

chemical formula for carbonate ion

Answer 11

CO₃⁻

Question 12

chemical formula for phosphate ion

Answer 12

PO₄⁻

Question 13

chemical formula for ammonium ion

Answer 13

NH₄⁺

Question 14

transition metals

Answer 14

• iron
• copper
• zinc (Zn²⁺)
• silver (Ag⁺)

Question 15

ionic bonding forms

Answer 15

giant ionic crystal lattice structure at room temperature

Question 16

what does the giant ionic crystal lattice structure consists of

Answer 16

large numbers of alternating positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic forces

Question 17

physical properties of ionic substances

Answer 17

• high melting and boiling point
• hard but brittle
• soluble in water
• insoluble in organic solvents
• can conduct electricity

Question 18

how to identify melting and boiling point

Answer 18

1. type of forces of attraction
2. strength of force
3. amount of energy required to overcome

Question 19

what is required for electrical conductivity

Answer 19

presence of mobile ions or free-moving electrons

Question 20

what states can conduct electricity

Answer 20

• liquid
• aqueous

Question 21

what affects the melting point of an ionic compound

Answer 21

ionic bond

Question 22

stronger ionic bond…

Answer 22

higher melting point

Question 23

what is covalent bonding

Answer 23

atoms share electrons to obtain noble gas electronic configuration

Question 24

what elements can be bonded using covalent bonding

Answer 24

non metal + non metal

Question 25

what is an electron pair

Answer 25

2 electrons that are shared between 2 atoms

Question 26

what is a covalent bond

Answer 26

electron pair

Question 27

number of electrons needed =

Answer 27

number of electrons shared

Question 28

steps to draw covalent bonding

Answer 28

1. electronic configuration 2. calculate number of electrons needed 3. draw number of electrons shared in the overlapping area 4. fill in remaining electrons

Question 29

how to name covalent bonds

Answer 29

(no.) _ (no.) _ide

Question 30

name for numbers (1-5)

Answer 30

- 1: mon - 2 : di - 3 : tri - 4 : tetra - 5 : penta

Question 31

physical properties of simple covalent substances

Answer 31

- atoms are held together by strong covalent bond - molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces of attration - low melting boiling point - soluble in organic solvent - insoluble in water - unable to conduct electricity

Question 32

larger molecules ...

Answer 32

higher melting and boiling points

Question 33

why cant covalent compounds conduct electricity

Answer 33

- absence of mobile charge carriers - no ions - no free moving electrons since it has been shared

Question 34

what are giant covalent structures

Answer 34

atoms are connected to one another via strong covalent bonds

Question 35

examples of giant covalent structures

Answer 35

- diamond - graphite - silica / silicon dioxide

Question 36

properties of diamond

Answer 36

- 1C : 4C - strong covalent bonds - tetrahedral arrangement

Question 37

properties of graphite

Answer 37

- 1C : 3C - hexagonal rings arrangement - strong covalent within each layer - weak intermolecular forces of attraction between the layer - delocalised electrons between layer - can conduct electricity - layers can slide past one another

Question 38

properties of silicon dioxide

Answer 38

- 1 Si : 2O - made up of silicon and oxygen ions - strong covalent bonds - tetragedral arrangement

Question 39

metallic bonding

Answer 39

the bond between metal cations and delocalised electrons

Question 40

what do metallic bonds form

Answer 40

giant metallic latice structure

Question 41

properties of metallic bonds

Answer 41

- high mp, bp - strong electrostatic forces of attration between metal cations and sea of delocalised electrons - large amounts of energy required to overcome forces of attraction - insoluble in water and organic solvent - good conductor of electricity

Question 42

physical properties of metallic bonds

Answer 42

- malleable - ductile - sonorous - good conductor of electricity and heat

Question 43

what are alloys

Answer 43

mixture that consists of at least 1 metal

Question 44

properties of alloys

Answer 44

-

Question 45

types of alloys

Answer 45

- bronze - steel

Question 46

properties of bronze

Answer 46

made up of about 90% copper, 10% tin

Question 47

structural properties of pure metals

Answer 47

- regular structure - if enough force is applies, the layers of metal cations can slide over one another easily, over a sea of delocalised electrons - malleable - ductile

Question 48

structural properties of alloys

Answer 48

- regular lattice arrangement is disrupted by the particles of a different size - a larger force is needed to make the layers slide over each other - less malleable and ductile