Chemical Bonds & Macromolecules

Question 1

“The solvent of life” is known as?

Answer 1

Water

Question 2

Define polar.

Answer 2

Unequal distribution of e- across a bond

Question 3

Why is water a polar molecule?

Answer 3

Oxygen has high electronegativity, therefore it has a high affinity for electrons and they sit closer to oxygen

Question 4

What kind of molecules can water associate with?

Answer 4

Other water molecules (hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole interaction) and any molecule that is charged or has a dipole

Question 5

Why is life carbon-based?

Answer 5

a) it can bond with 4 other atoms
b) it can bond to other carbons to form chains
c) it can form C=C and triple bonds

Question 6

What is a monomer?

Answer 6

A single building block of a macromolecule

Question 7

What is a chain of monomers?

Answer 7

A polymer

Question 8

What is important about polymers?

Answer 8

They promote biological diversity

Question 9

What is a dehydration reaction?

Answer 9

The formation of a covalent bond to extend a growing chain of monomers that requires energy and water is a product

Question 10

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 10

The breaking of covalent bonds holding polymers together that requires water as a reactant and releases energy

Question 11

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 11

Energy storage, cell structure, and cell-cell recognition

Question 12

What term describes monomers of CH2O?

Answer 12

Monosaccharides

Question 13

What is the function of glucose?

Answer 13

Major energy source in the cell

Question 14

What term describes a molecule formed by a covalent bond between two monomers of CH2O?

Answer 14

Disaccharides

Question 15

What type of covalent bond joins together monosaccharides?

Answer 15

Glycosidic bond

Question 16

Describe polymers of carbohydrates.

Answer 16

Polysaccharides

Question 17

What polysaccharide is responsible for energy storage in plants?

Answer 17

Starch

Question 18

What glycosidic bonds does starch have? What characterizes these bonds?

Answer 18

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds and all glucose molecules point the same way

Question 19

What polysaccharide composes the cell wall of plants?`

Answer 19

Cellulose

Question 20

Which polysaccharide has beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds?

Answer 20

Cellulose

Question 21

What polysaccharide is in the exoskeleton of insects and the fungi cell wall?

Answer 21

Chitin

Question 22

What is the function of glycogen?

Answer 22

A nutritional polysaccharide for energy storage in animals in muscles and the liver

Question 23

What term describes a molecule that is non-polar and aggregates away from water?

Answer 23

Hydrophobic

Question 24

What lipid molecule is a single chain of mostly hydrogen and carbon with a COOH end?

Answer 24

Fatty acid

Question 25

What molecule do fatty acids usually attach to?

Answer 25

Glycerol

Question 26

What reaction occurs as glycerol and fatty acids attach?

Answer 26

Esterification reaction

Question 27

What is the defining characteristic of saturated fats?

Answer 27

All C-C single bonds

Question 28

What type of fat is liquid at room temperature and has C=C that cause a kind in its chain?

Answer 28

Unsaturated fats

Question 29

What term describes the structural component of the biological membrane?

Answer 29

Phospholipid

Question 30

What term describes something that can interact with water?

Answer 30

Hydrophilic

Question 31

What two structures compose a phospholipid?

Answer 31

Two fatty acid tails and phosphate head

Question 32

What is amphipathic?

Answer 32

Has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Question 33

Why are phospholipids amphipathic?

Answer 33

They have two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head

Question 34

What is a lipid characterized by the backbone of 4 fused HC rings?

Answer 34

Steroid

Question 35

What chemical molecule has a backbone of cholesterol?

Answer 35

Steroid

Question 36

What are the two functions of steroids in animals?

Answer 36

Hormones and the cholesterol sits in the plasma membrane to maintain fluidity and increase stiffness

Question 37

What are polymers of the monomer amino acid?

Answer 37

Proteins

Question 38

Describe the chemical organization of an amino acid (NH3+, R, COO-, etc).

Answer 38

NH3+: an amino group that is always on the left COO-: carboxyl acid group that is always on the right R: variable group at the top that gives different properties to the amino acid

Question 39

What are the four types of R groups in an amino acid?

Answer 39

i) non-polar C-H ii) polar uncharged OH or SH iii) polar charged acidic COO- iv) polar charged basic NH3+

Question 40

How are amino acids linked in Primary Structure?

Answer 40

Covalently linked by a peptide bond

Question 41

What is Secondary Structure in protein structure?

Answer 41

Interaction between the backbones of the peptide chain

Question 42

What are the two types of Secondary Structures?

Answer 42

Alpha Helix and Beta Sheets

Question 43

What type of bonds are used in Secondary Structure proteins?

Answer 43

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 44

What is Tertiary Structure in protein structure?

Answer 44

3D patterns of folding; interactions between R groups to stabilize structure

Question 45

Name the four types of bonds in Tertiary Structure.

Answer 45

i) covalent bonds- disulphide bridges between a.a. using cysteine- polar uncharged ii) ionic bonds- between oppositely charged a.a.- polar acidic to polar basic iii) hydrophobic interactions- between non-polar a.a. iv) hydrogen bonds- between polar uncharged a.a.

Question 46

What is Quaternary Structure?

Answer 46

Some proteins form multimeric complexes to form a functional protein

Question 47

What are Chaperones in protein structure?

Answer 47

Proteins that assist in folding other proteins

Question 48

Why are chaperones necessary?

Answer 48

Proper folding is essential for proper function as primary structure dictates folding but folding dictates function

Question 49

What causes diseases in protein folding?

Answer 49

Spontaneous protein denaturation Genetic changes in primary structure Chaperone function disorders

Question 50

Describe the process of a protein folding "changing room"

Answer 50

Unfolded protein enters folding chamber- chamber provides favourable conditions- correctly folded protein

Question 51

What is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides?

Answer 51

DNA

Question 52

Which nucleic acid polymer transmits information between cells?

Answer 52

DNA

Question 53

Describe complementary base pairing.

Answer 53

Adenine forms a double bond with thymine (uracil). Cytosine forms a triple bond with guanine. Purines always pair with pyrimidines to maintain diametre of the double helix.

Question 54

What are the purines and what are the pyrimidines?

Answer 54

Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine (uracil) and Cytosine

Question 55

Why is RNA a single-stranded helix?

Answer 55

2'OH makes helix more open and reactive so free bases can base pair with itself, other RNA or DNA

Question 56

What is a polymer of ribonucleotides?

Answer 56

RNA

Question 57

What are the three basic parts of nucleic acid structure?

Answer 57

i) phosphate (PO4-) ii) ribose (5C sugar) iii) nitrogenous base

Question 58

What are some tips to describe each of the pyrimidines?

Answer 58

Thymine has 3 functional groups Uracil has 2 oxygens Cytosine is boring ALL single circle

Question 59

What are some tips to describe each of the purines?

Answer 59

Adenine is full of Ns Guanine has and O functional group ALL double circle

Question 60

What is the difference between DNA and RNA structurally?

Answer 60

On C2, DNA has only an H bonded (deoxy) | RNA has an OH bonded (oxy)

Question 61

What is the directionality of nucleic acids?

Answer 61

5' to 3'

Question 62

How are nucleic acids joined covalently?

Answer 62

Phosphdiester bonds