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Clin Tech > Chemical Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemical Chemistry Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

What are common types of analyzer?

A

Spectrophotometers, electrochemistry, ion-selective electrode technology

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2
Q

What does ISE stand for?

A

Ion selective electrode technology

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3
Q

What is beers law?

A

A direct linear relationship between the concentration of a solution and light absorption when monochromatic light is passed through a sample, the degree of color change is proportional to the solutions concentration, transmission of monochromatic light through a sample in the concentration of an analyte in the sample have an inverse exponential relationship

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4
Q

What do spectrophotometers Measure

A

The amount of light transmitted to a solution

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5
Q

What does a colorimeter measure?

A

Photometer that uses a filter to select the wavelength of light from the substance to test

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6
Q

What is a reflectometer?

A

Photometer that detects light that is reflected off a test substance

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7
Q

What happens in an electrochemistry analyzer?

A

Sample reacts with regions and creates a current that is measured to determine the ion concentration in the sample

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8
Q

When is an electro chemistry analyzer most often used

A

For evaluation of electrolytes and other ionic components

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9
Q

What is another name for ion selective electrode?

A

Potentiometer

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10
Q

What is an ISC and what is the most used for?

A

Electro to evaluate specific ion, most often used for evaluation of electrolytes and other ionic components

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11
Q

What is an endpoint?

A

The reaction between the sample and reagent reaches a stable and point

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12
Q

What is the difference between an endpoint and a kinetic assay?

A

Kinetic essay does not reach a stable and point

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13
Q

What does BUN show?

A

Kidneys, ability to remove nitrogenous waste from blood

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14
Q

What is an increase in BUN and creatine?

A

Azotemia

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15
Q

High protein, diet, and exercise may cause

A

Increase BUN levels due to increase amino acid breakdown

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16
Q

True or false any condition that alters the GFR will alter creatine level

A

True

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17
Q

Do high protein diets affect creatine

A

No

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18
Q

Does homolysis affect creatine

A

No

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19
Q

When do uric acid concentrations increase?

A

When 70% of renal function is compromised

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20
Q

What is the primary source of excretion and dogs and cats for phosphorous?

A

Kidneys

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21
Q

When will you see an increase in potassium?

A

Decreased urine production

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22
Q

What is increased urine production?

A

Polyuria

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23
Q

When will you see a decreased potassium level?

A

Increase urine production

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24
Q

What is the word for increased calcium and decreased calcium?

A

Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

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25
When will you see hypocalcemia?
Chronic renal failure
26
When will you see hypercalcemia?
Horses with renal failure
27
True or false severe kidney failure can lead to protein loss, what has to do with this
True,albumin
28
What does SDMA stand for?
Symmetric dimethylarginine
29
What is the bio marker for kidney function?
SDMA
30
Where is SDMA secreted
Kidneys
31
What does GFR stand for?
Glomerular filtration rate
32
What miraculously reflects GFR
SDMA
33
When does SDMA increase?
25% loss of kidney function
34
What are the functions of the liver?
Metabolism, synthesis, digestion, and absorption, secretion, elimination, storage
35
What is the primary function of a gallbladder?
Store bile
36
What are signs of malfunction of the liver
Jaundice, hypoalbuminemia, problems with hemostasis, hypoglycemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, hepatoencephalopathy
37
Where are enzymes found?
Within the cytoplasm, and surface of cell membrane
38
True or false enzyme levels in the blood will increase when cells are damaged
True
39
What causes jaundice?
Bilirubin
40
What is bilirubin
A metal light of the heme portion of hemoglobin
41
What are the three types of bilirubin
Conjugated/direct, unconjugated/indirect and Delta
42
What is the difference between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
Conjugated has been conjugated by the hepatocytes unconjugated has not been fully processed by the liver and cannot be excreted
43
Increases in unconjugated bilirubin indicates what
Hepatic damage
44
What is the equation for total Bilirubin
Total bilirubin - direct bilirubin = indirect bilirubin
45
True or false hemolysis can produce decreased bilirubin levels, depending on type of testing being performed
True
46
True or false with bilirubin testing, you should avoid lypemic samples
True
47
True or false bilirubin is very light sensitive and unconjugated is more light sensitive than conjugated
True
48
What does bio acid testing test for?
Hepatocellular function
49
How do you perform a bile acid test?
Collect fasting blood sample, feed patient, collect second blood sample two hours postprandial
50
What does postprandial mean?
After a meal
51
What can increase bile acids mean?
Protosystemic shunt, chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, cholestasis, neoplasms
52
Decreased bile acids can be seen with
Male absorptive disease diseases
53
What are the cytosolic enzyme?
ALT, AST, SD, GLDH
54
What is ALT a major source of?
Parasites and dogs, cats and primates
55
Where is AST found?
Hepatocytes and muscle
56
What does CK stand for?
Creatine kinase
57
What does ALT stand for?
Alanine aminotrandferase
58
What does AST stand for?
Aspartate aminotransferase
59
What does SD stand for?
Sorbitol dehydrogenase
60
What does GLDH stand for?
Glutamate dehydrogenase
61
What are inducible enzyme?
ALKP/ALP, GGT
62
What does ALKP/AP stand for
Alkaline phosphatase
63
Is the half-life of ALP longer or shorter than cats than dogs?
Shorter
64
What does GGT stand for?
Gamma glutamyltransferase
65
When does albumin become measurable?
Greater than 80% of the liver is nonfunctional
66
A a combined decrease in these four is a strong indication of decreased functional hepatocellular mass
Albumin, urea, glucose, cholesterol
67
True or false NSAID can increase cholesterol values
True
68
What is the word for elevated blood levels of sodium?
Hypernatremia
69
What is the word for decrease blood levels of sodium?
Hyponatremia
70
What is the sample of choice for chloride?
Serum
71
What is increased chloride level?
Hyperchloremia
72
What is decreased chloride level?
Hypochloremia
73
What can hyperkalemia cause?
Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias
74
What is an increase in magnesium?
Hypermagnesemia
75
What is decreased magnesium?
Hypomagnesemia
76
What is the second most common anime of the plasma?
Bicarbonate
77
What organ is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?
Pancreas
78
What does the pancreas secrete?
Tripsin, amalyse, lipase
79
What does the endocrine pancreas secrete?
Insulin and glucagon
80
When do increased amalyse levels show up?
Acute pancreatitis, flareups of chronic pancreatitis, obstruction of pancreatic ducts, azotemia, and intestinal obstructions
81
True or false you should look at amylase and lipase together to evaluate the pancreas
True
82
What is the function of lipase
Breakdown long chain fatty acids of lipids
83
What does PLI stand for?
Pancreatic lipase immuno reactivity test
84
Is there a PLI test for dogs and cats?
Yes
85
True or false feline PLI test is both highly sensitive and specific
True
86
What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
A disease of dogs, that lack enzymes necessary to digest fat
87
Is the absence of trypsin normal
Yes
88
If you mix feces with a gelatin solution, if the trypsin is present the test
Does not become a gel
89
Total protein concentrations can be affected by
Altered hepatic synthesis, altered protein, distribution, altered, protein, breakdown, or excretion, dehydration, or overhydration
90
What are the methods for determining total protein level levels?
Refractometer, biuret method, electrophoresis
91
What is edema?
Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid
92
What does decreasing globulin in albuterol signify?
Protein losing enteropathy/PLE
93
What does decreasing globulin signify?
Protein, losing nephropathy/PLN
94
Albumin makes up how much of total plasma protein
35 to 50%
95
What are alpha globulins?
Primarily transport and bind proteins
96
What does HDL stand for and what is it tied to?
High density Lipo proteins, alpha globulins
97
What does VLDL stand for and what is it tied to?
Very low density Lipo proteins, alpha globulins
98
What are beta globulins?
Iron transport, heme binding, fibrin formation and lysis
99
What does beta globulin include?
Complement(C3, C4) transferrin, ferritin
100
What are the identified immunoglobulins?
IGG, IGE, IGA, IGD, IGM
101
What is IGG common with?
Viral, bacterial and tax and antibodies
102
What is IGE involved with?
Allergic and anaphylactic reactions
103
What is IGA related to?
Found in secretions of genitourinary, respiratory, and G.I. Tract
104
How do you measure globulins
Electrophoresis– send out, total serum protein, concentration minus albumin concentration equals total serum, globulin concentration – in-house
105
Who is AG ratio is normal greater than 1.00
Dogs, horses, sheep, goats
106
Who is AG ratio is normal less than 1.00
Cats cattle pigs
107
What is the normal total protein?
5.2 to 8.2
108
What is increase in albumin?
Hyperalbuminemia
109
What is decreased albumin?
Hypoalbuminemia
110
What is increased protein?
Hyperproteinemia
111
What is decreased protein?
Hypoproteinemia
112
Is hypoglycemia common in young animals
Yes, normal
113
What does increase globulin mean?
Dehydration
114
What is protein losing enteropathy?
Characterized by protein loss into the G.I. tract and extracted in feces
115
What are causes of protein, losing enteropathy?
Lymphosarcoma, enteritis, interception, G.I., parasites, food, allergies

Clin Tech (13 decks)

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