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Dispensing II Lab - K > Chemical Incompatibilities > Flashcards

Chemical Incompatibilities Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Occur as a result of chemical interaction among the
ingredients of a prescription

A

CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITIES

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2
Q

T/F: In Chemical incompatibility, the original composition is altered

A

True

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3
Q

COMPOUNDS CONSIDERED SOLUBLE

A

acetates
nitrates
Sulfates, except Ba; Sr; Pb; and Ag
All sodium salts
Potassium salts except barbiturates
Chlorides except silver and mercurous

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4
Q

Sulfates that are insoluble

A

Ba; Sr; Pb; and Ag

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5
Q

K salts that are insoluble

A

barbiturates

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6
Q

Chlorides that are insoluble

A

silver and mercurous

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7
Q

Occurs instantaneously upon compounding

A

IMMEDIATE INCOMPATIBILITY

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8
Q

Immediate incompatibility is readily apparent due to:

A

○ Effervescence
○ Precipitation
○ Color changes

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9
Q

React on such a slow rate

A

DELAYED INCOMPATIBILITY

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10
Q

Occur without appreciable visible change/immediate
physical evidence of change

A

DELAYED INCOMPATIBILITY

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11
Q

T/F: Delayed incompatibility may or may not have a physical evidence

A

True

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12
Q

T/F: Delayed incompatibility may or may not result in loss of therapeutic activity

A

True

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13
Q

If Rx dispensed is used up before, about _______% of the therapeutic activity is los

A

10%

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14
Q

REMEDIES FOR DELAYED INCOMPATIBILITY

A

Use of “Store in a Refrigerator” label
Use of “Shake well” label when applicable to promote
uniform dosage

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15
Q

This remedy help decrease the rate of loss of activity

A

Use of “Store in a Refrigerator” label

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16
Q

This remedy slows down hydrolysis, redox, or other chemical
reactions (occur more rapidly at room temperature)

A

Use of “Store in a Refrigerator” label

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17
Q

Ingredients with chemically similar active groups are
usually ___________

A

compatible

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18
Q

T/F: For polar molecules, if they have the same
functional group, then they are probably
compatible with each othe

A

True (Conservative generalization)

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19
Q

Reactions manifest through:
1. Formation of precipitate
2. Evolution of gas
3. Addition or elimination of water
4. Absorption or evolution of heat
5. Formation of complexes or chelates

A

Drugs react like other organic & inorganic compounds

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20
Q

Drugs react like other organic & inorganic compounds, manifestations:
1. Formation of ___________
2. Evolution of _______
3. Addition or elimination of ________
4. Absorption or evolution of ________
5. Formation of __________

A
  1. precipitate
  2. gas
  3. water
  4. heat
  5. complexes or chelates
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21
Q

These reactions usually cause loss of active drug
content and do not provide obvious visual or olfactory
evidence of their occurrence:

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Hydrolysis
  3. Epimerization
  4. Decarboxylation
  5. Dehydration
  6. Photochemical decomposition
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22
Q

chemical reactions are enhanced by the following
factors:

A
  1. Adverse temperatures
  2. Light
  3. Humidity
  4. Oxygen
  5. Carbon dioxid
  6. Over dilution
  7. Excessive storage
  8. Incorrect pH adjustment
  9. Presence of catalysts
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23
Q

Drugs susceptible to oxidation:

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine)
Phenolics (phenylephrine, morphine)
Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine)
Olefins
Steroids
Tricyclics
Thiols (captopril)
Miscellaneous
Oils, fats phenolic substances, aldehydes, vitaminsundergo auto-oxidation

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24
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
Protect from oxygen by using _________ containers and
limiting storage time through _______________ by limiting it.

A

tight; conservative
beyond-use-date (BUDs)

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25
REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION: Protect from light by using ______________ and syringes, and wrap containers with light-resistant wrappings because light __________ oxidation
light-resistant containers; hastens
26
REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION Add a _______________ like edetate disodium (EDTA).
metal-chelating agent
27
REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION: Add an __________
antioxidant
28
REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION: Control ______ and _______
storage temperature and pH
29
Oxidation is favored by __________
alkaline pH
30
REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION: _________ drugs that are easily oxidized with those that are readily reduced.
Separate
31
T/F: Folic acid is incompatible with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and metal ions
True
32
______________ (Vitamin B12) has limited compatibility with ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (about 24 hours), thiamine (Vitamin B1) and niacinamide (Vitamin B3)
Cyanocobalamin
33
Problem with water exposure
Hydrolytic
34
Many substances hydrolyze in water & the change may be hastened by ________, catalyst, _______, _______, certain metals ___________, etc
heat; esters; amides; (Zn, Fe)
35
Drugs susceptible to hydrolysis:
1. Esters, (procaine, tetracaine, aspirin, compounds with lactone rings) 2. Amides (penicillins) 3. Imides (barbiturates) 4. Thiolesters
36
Ionic Hydrolysis: ionized species + H+ or OH - of H2O → _______ products
unionized insoluble
37
Special type of acid-base reaction (change of pH)
IONIC HYDROLYSIS
38
Ionic hydrolysis is manifested as precipitate of _______ or _________
basic salts or hydrolysis
39
Example of Ionic Hydrolysis
ZnCl2 + H2O → ZnOHCl (Tribasic zinc chloride / Zinc chloride hydroxide monohydrate (precipitate) + H +
40
T/F: Molecular Hydrolysis is slower rate than ionic
True
41
T/F: Molecular Hydrolysis has reduced therapeutic activity
True
42
REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES: For solids, control exposure to moisture by using ________ containers and ________
tight; desiccants
43
REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES: Control the ________ of aqueous formulations
pH
44
REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES: Check the effect of general _________ or _______ and drug concentration
acids or bases
45
REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES: Control _______ temperature
storage
46
Rate of hydrolysis is accelerated at __________ temperatures
elevated
47
Representative drugs of Evolution of Gas
Sodium bicarbonate and Carbonate buffers Ortho- and para-substituted benzoic acids, like p-aminosalicylic acid
48
usually effervesce with the presence of acids
Sodium bicarbonate and Carbonate buffers
49
caused by the liberation of CO2 from the: ○ Reaction of carbonates and acids in aqueous media ○ Decomposition of syrups of para-aminosalicylic acid
Effervescence
50
REMEDIES FOR EVOLUTION OF GAS: Do not combine drug products that generate _________ with sodium bicarbonate or drug products that contain carbonate buffers.
acid pH
51
REMEDIES FOR EVOLUTION OF GAS: For vulnerable solid dosage forms, store and dispense in _________ containers.
tight
52
Cisplatin is the best known example of ________
Displacement
53
One of the chloride ligands in the cisplatin molecule is slowly displaced by water (an aqua ligand), in a process termed ____________
aquation
54
The_____________ in the resulting molecule is then displaced, allowing cisplatin to coordinate to a basic site in DNA
aqua ligand
55
Then the __________ crosslinks two bases via displacement of the other chloride ligand
platinum
56
When cisplatin is __________, the solution must have a sodium chloride concentration of at least_________ to maintain the chloride ions on the cisplatin molecule
diluted; 0.2%
57
Aluminum displaces the platinum when _________ needles are used
aluminum
58
COMPLEXATION representative drugs
Tetracycline by multivalent ions like calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum Aminophylline
59
is a complex with 2:1 ratio of theophylline and ethylenediamine
Aminophylline
60
T/F: Theophylline may precipitate out of solution
True
61
REMEDY FOR (1/Theophylline) COMPLEXATION
Keep drug from offending ions.
62
REMEDIES FOR (2/Aminophylline) COMPLEXATION: Addition of excess ____________ to keep theophylline in the complex.
ethylenediamine
63
REMEDIES FOR (2/Aminophylline) COMPLEXATION: Maintain pH of ________ to ________ using ethylenediamine.
8.6 to 9
64
A mixture of equal parts of enantiomers is called a
racemate
65
he conversion of one enantiomer to a racemate is known as
racemization
66
mirror images (Dextro and Levo)
Enantiomers
67
Examples of drugs that undergo racemization
1. Epinephrine 2. Mepivacaine and Bupivacaine 3. Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine 4. Albuterol and Levalbuterol 5. Omeprazole and Esomeprazole
68
have identical chemical properties except toward opticallyactive reagents, enzymes, biological receptors and membranes
Enantiomers
69
has approximately 15 to 20 times the physiologic activity as the d-enantiomer
l-enantiomer
70
Conversion of an optically active form to an optically inactive form without changing chemical constitution produces _____________ pharmacological activity
reduced
71
Problems exist only when one enantiomer is __________ physiologically active than the other one and when racemization takes place easily
much more
72
Optical isomers that are not superimposable and are not mirror images are called
diastereomers
73
Pair of diastereomers that differ only in the configuration about one carbon atom are called
epimers
74
T/F: epimers have different physical properties: melting points, boiling points, solubilities and densities
True
75
T/F: Epimers have the same functional groups and show similar chemical properties, but exhibit different rates of reaction
True
76
example of a drug that may epimerize with loss of therapeutic activity.
Pilocarpine
77
Epimerization of __________ occurs only in solution
tetracycline
78
REMEDIES FOR EPIMERIZATION: Formulation of _________ Control of _________
Formulation of suspension Control of pH with buffers.
79
REMEDIES FOR Precipitation of large cation/large anion compounds
Keep solutions separate. Administer at different sites or different times
80
Organic salts with a special or unusual counter ion, such as ________, _______, ________ should be added with caution to another salt
mesylate, lactate, succinate
81
When a drug manufacturer uses a special salt form, one reason is that the hydrochloride, sulfate or other more common salts is ____________
less soluble
82
Precipitation of alkaloids caused by________, ______. ___________, _______
citrate salts, tannins, iodide and picric acid
83
REMEDY FOR Alkaloidal precipitants
Addition of alcohol or glycerin to prevent precipitation.
84
T/F: Reduction is less common in prescriptions
True
85
may be reduced by light to the metallic form
Silver, mercury, and gold salts
86
Alterations in color
Color changes
87
EXPLOSIVE COMBINATIONS example
Oxidizing Agents + Reducing Agents
88
Glycerin + Sulfuric Acid + Nitric Acid → Nitroglycerin
EXPLOSIVE COMBINATIONS
89
All or part of the ingredients of a prescription may set a mass of cementlike hardness
CEMENTATION
90
Occurs when compounds from hydrates (ex. Plaster of paris) polymerize, or convert to new crystal forms
CEMENTATION
91
Solutions form a gel when combined with certain substances. rarely encountered.
GELATINIZATION
92
Acacia solutions are gelatinized by _______ salt since acacia possesses _________ groups which may be cross-lined by _________ ferric ions to form polymer chains
ferric; carboxyl; trivalent
93
Evolution of heat; Decomposed when temperature is raised.
Exothermic Reaction
94
More stable at higher temperatures.
Endothermic Reaction
95
Compounds that are formed with evolution of heat tend to decompose when the temperature is __________
raised
96
Compounds that require heat for their formation are more stable at __________ temperature
higher
97
Chemical changes occur without visible evidence of the reaction
INVISIBLE CHANGES
98
Chemical reaction between two substances produces products which are more toxic than the original substances
DEVELOPMENT OF POISONOUS SUBSTANCE
99
○ KI + Hg2Cl2 (calomel) in the presence of moisture →
Hg +2 (toxic)
100
Potassium iodide (KI) + Mercurous Chloride (Hg2Cl2) →
Mercuric
101
Weak bottles having thin spots or flaws may break inwardly due to the development of a slight vacuum
IMPLOSION

Dispensing II Lab - K (2 decks)

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