Chemical level

Question 1

– simplest type of matter; unique chemical properties

Answer 1

element

Question 2

smallest particle of an element; composed of subatomic particles

Answer 2

atom

Question 3

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 3

atomic number

Question 4

– sum of protons and neutrons

Answer 4

mass number

Question 5

– atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons; different mass numbers

Answer 5

isotopes

Question 6

atom with positive or negative charge; unequal numbers of protons and electrons; gives up
or gains electrons.

Answer 6

ion

Question 7

result of sharing of electrons between two or more atoms; chemically combine, form
a structure, acts as an independent unit; some are composed of the same type of atoms; more
typically composed of two or more different atoms.

Answer 7

molecule

Question 8

composed of atoms of two or more different elements; chemical combination of two
or more different type of atoms.

Answer 8

compound

Question 9

Transfer of electrons. Metal + Nonmetal

Answer 9

ionic bonding

Question 10

● Transfer of electrons.
● Nonmetal + Nonmetal

Answer 10

covalent bonding

Question 11

unequal, asymmetrical sharing of electrons

Answer 11

polar covalent bond

Question 12

equal sharing of electrons between atoms

Answer 12

nonpolar covalent bond

Question 13

with asymmetrical electrical charge

Answer 13

polar molecules

Question 14

with symmetrical electrical charge

Answer 14

nonpolar molecules

Question 15

Positive end of the polar molecules can be
weakly attracted to the negative end of
another polar molecule.
● Not a chemical bond; electrons are not
transferred or shared between atoms of
different polar molecules.

Answer 15

hydrogen bonds

Question 16

Formation or breaking of chemical bonds

Answer 16

chemical reaction

Question 17

When 2 or more reactants combine; for larger, more complex product.
● Anabolism – synthesis reactions that take place in the body; growth, maintenance, repair

Answer 17

synthesis reaction

Question 18

Reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products
● Catabolism – decomposition reactions that take place in the body; digestion of food molecules in
the intestine, breakdown of fat stores, breakdown of foreign matter and microorganisms.

Answer 18

decomposition reactions

Question 19

● Combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction.

Answer 19

exchange reactions

Question 20

capacity to do work

Answer 20

energy

Question 21

stored energy

Answer 21

potential energy

Question 22

caused by the movement of an
object

Answer 22

kinetic energy

Question 23

substance is a type of
potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Answer 23

chemical energy

Question 24

H2O
● Inorganic molecule
● Importance:

i. Stabilization of body temperature
ii. Protection
iii. Facilitating chemical reactions
iv. Transporting substances

Answer 24

water

Question 25

O2 ● Small, nonpolar, inorganic molecules ● 2 oxygen atoms bound by a double covalent bond ● Required in humans in the final step of series of chemical reactions in which energy is extracted from food molecules.

Answer 25

oxygen

Question 26

CO2 ● Produced when food molecules (ex: glucose) are metabolized within the cells of the body; once produced, it is eliminated from the cell as a metabolic by-product, transferred to the lungs by blood, exhaled during respiration

Answer 26

carbon dioxide

Question 27

– blood pH drops below 7.35; nervous system is depressed, leads to disorientation and possible comatose

Answer 27

acidosis

Question 28

blood pH rises above 7.45; nervous system becomes overexcitable, individual can be extremely nervous or have convulsions

Answer 28

alkalosis

Question 29

Cation + Anion ● Formed by the reaction of an acid and a base

Answer 29

salts

Question 30

Resists changes in pH when either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing the buffer.

Answer 30

buffer

Question 31

Called______ because each carbon is combines with the same atoms that form water (hydrated)

Answer 31

carbohydrates

Question 32

smallest carbohydrates; simple sugars; Glucose (blood sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar) are important monosaccharide energy sources for body’s cells

Answer 32

monosaccharides

Question 33

composed of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond; Ex: Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)

Answer 33

dissacharides

Question 34

composed of many monosaccharides bound in long chains Glycogen – animal starch; polysaccharide of glucose Starch – polysaccharide of glucose; can be ingested and broken down into glucose

Answer 34

polysaccharides

Question 35

Can be dissolved in nonpolar solvents (alcohol or acetone), but not in polar solvents (water)

Answer 35

lipids

Question 36

– important energy-storage molecules; pad and insulate the body; building blocks are glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 36

fats

Question 37

– important structural components of cell membranes

Answer 37

phospholipids

Question 38

important regulatory molecules; plays a role in the response of tissues to injuries

Answer 38

eicosanoids

Question 39

● C, H, O, N, and most have some sulfur

Answer 39

proteins

Question 40

– building blocks of proteins; there are 20 basic types of amino acids, 12 of them can be synthesized by humans, 8 of them must be obtained in the diet

Answer 40

amino acids

Question 41

genetic material of cells; contains two strands of nucleotides, double helix structure

Answer 41

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 42

single strand

Answer 42

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 43

increase chemical reaction, increase:

Answer 43

concentration

Question 44

chemical reaction depends

Answer 44

temperature

Question 45

increase chemical reaction even without change

Answer 45

catalyst