chemical messenger

Question 1

What are the 2 types of hormones?

Answer 1

Protein/amine and steroid

Question 2

How do protein/amine hormone work?

Answer 2

Protein attaches to the receptor proteins on the cell membrane surface then stimulates an enzyme to become active which activates secondary messenger.

Question 3

How do steroid hormones work?

Answer 3

The hormone passes through the cell membrane and either binds with a receptor in the cytoplasm or inside the nucleus to activate a response.

Question 4

How does a endocrine gland work?

Answer 4

secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid that surrounds cells near the gland and then passes through to capillaries to be transported around the body by blood.

Question 5

how do exocrine glands work?

Answer 5

secrete hormones into the body surface using ducts

Question 6

What is enzyme amplification

Answer 6

Activation of thousands of enzyme molecules

Hormone triggers a cascading effect in which the number of reacting molecules involved is increased in hundreds.

Question 7

What is hormone clearance?

Answer 7

turning ‘off’ a hormone

breaking down of hormone molecules in kidney and liver which then end up in the urine

Question 8

How is hormone secretion controlled?

Answer 8

regulated by negative feedback or positive feedback sometimes
hypothalamus can secrete releasing factors which stimulate the secretion of hormones or inhibiting factors which slow down the secretion of a hormone

Question 9

Name the hormones the anterior pituitary glands release

Answer 9

Follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone 
growth hormone 
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocoricotrophic hormone
prolactin

Question 10

Name the hormones the posterior lobe releases

Answer 10

antidiuretic hormone

oxytocin

Question 11

Name the target organ and main effects of hormones released from the anterior pituitary

Answer 11

FSH - ovaries - growth of follicles and testes - production of sperm

LH - ovaries - ovulation and maintenance of corpus leteum and testes - secretion of tesosterone

Growth hormone - all cells - growth and protein synthesis

TSH - thyroid gland -secretion of hormones from the thyroid

ACTH - adrenal cortex - secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

prolactin - mammary glands (tits) - milk production

Question 12

Name the target organ and main effects of hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 12

ADH - kidneys - reabsorption of water

Oxytocin - uterus - contraction of uterus during child birth and mammary glands - release of milk

Question 13

What are the main endocrine glands and secrete hormones?

Answer 13

thyroid
parathyroids
thymus 
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
pancreas
testes
ovaries

Question 14

what is the hormone released by the thyroid and parathyroid and its target cells and main effects?

Answer 14

THYROID thyroxine, most cells and increases metabolic rate and therefore oxygen consumption and heat production

PARATHYROID- parathyroid hormone - cells of bones and kidneys and increases level of calcium in blood

Question 15

What is the hormone released by the thymus and its target organ and main effect?

Answer 15

thymosins
targets t lympocytes
stimulates development and maturation of lymphocytes

Question 16

What is the hormones released by adrenal cortex and medulla and the target cells and main effects?

Answer 16

ADRENAL CORTEX releases corticosteroids
aldersterone targets kidney cells and increases reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ions
cortisol targets most cells and helps promotes normal metabolism and helps body deal with stress and repair of damaged tissues

ADRENAL MEDULA
releases adrenaline and noraadrenaline effects most tissues and prepares the body for flight or fight responses. effects the sympathetic nervous system

Question 17

What is the hormones released by the pancreas and the target cells and main effects?

Answer 17

insulin targets most cells and stimulates uptake of glucose which lowers blood glucose levels

glucagon targets liver and fat storage tissues which breaks down glucagen and fat which increases blood glucose levels

Question 18

What is the hormones released by the testes and its main effects and target cells?

Answer 18

releases androgen which targets most cells and stimulates sperm production and growth of skeleton and muscles. development of male sexual characteristics

Question 19

What is the hormones released by the ovaries and its main effects and target cells/

Answer 19

oestrogens targets many tissues and stimulates development of female characteristics. regulates menstrual cycle

Progesterone targets uterus and mammary glands and regulated menstrual cycle and pregnancy: prepares mammary glands for milk secretion