chemical reactions Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is a physical change?
A change where no new substance forms, and it’s usually reversible (e.g., melting, freezing).
What is a chemical change?
A change where new substances form with different properties, usually irreversible.
How does concentration affect the rate of reaction?
Higher concentration increases the rate of reaction.
How does pressure affect the rate of reaction in gases?
Higher pressure increases the rate of reaction for gases.
How does surface area affect the rate of reaction?
A larger surface area speeds up the reaction.
How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?
Higher temperature increases the rate of reaction.
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.
What is collision theory?
Particles must collide with enough energy (activation energy) for a reaction to occur.
What happens at equilibrium in a closed system?
The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, and concentrations remain constant.
How does changing temperature affect equilibrium?
Changing temperature can shift the equilibrium position.
What is the equation for the Haber Process?
N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃.
What are the conditions used in the Haber Process?
450°C, 200 atm, with an iron catalyst.
What is oxidation in terms of oxygen?
Oxidation is the gain of oxygen.
What is reduction in terms of oxygen?
Reduction is the loss of oxygen.
What is an oxidizing agent?
A substance that oxidizes another substance and is itself reduced.
What is a reducing agent?
A substance that reduces another substance and is itself oxidized.
What is an acid?
A proton donor that can react with metals, bases, and carbonates.
What is a base?
A proton acceptor, which reacts with acids and ammonium salts.
What is a strong acid?
An acid that completely dissociates in an aqueous solution.
What is the general equation for neutralization?
H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
What is an amphoteric oxide?
An oxide that reacts with both acids and bases (e.g., Al₂O₃, ZnO).
