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Chemical Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded.

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

An element is a substance made from only one type of atom.

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3
Q

What is a compound?

A

A compound is a substance made from different types of atoms chemically bonded.

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4
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

An endothermic reaction is one that absorbs heat energy from the surroundings.

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5
Q

What is a precipitation reaction?

A

A precipitation reaction occurs when two solutions react to produce an insoluble solid.

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6
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

The law states that no matter is created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

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7
Q

What happens during a chemical reaction?

A

New materials are formed, and energy is transferred to or from the surroundings.

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8
Q

What is combustion?

A

Combustion is when a fuel reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light.

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9
Q

What is a displacement reaction?

A

A displacement reaction occurs when one element displaces another in a compound.

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10
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Neutralization is a reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water.

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11
Q

What indicates the presence of hydrogen gas?

A

A lit splint will produce a squeaky pop sound when hydrogen is present.

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12
Q

What indicates the presence of oxygen gas?

A

A glowing splint will reignite in the presence of oxygen.

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13
Q

How does concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A

Higher concentration generally increases the rate of reaction due to more reactant particles being available for collisions.

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14
Q

What safety precautions should be taken during experiments?

A

Use appropriate glassware, handle acids carefully, and report any breakages to teacher

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15
Q

What does a steeper gradient indicate?

A

Faster speed.

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16
Q

What does a flat gradient indicate?

A

Stop!

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17
Q

How is average gradient calculated?

A

Average Gradient Overall = change in y / change in x.

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18
Q

What are some examples of modifications to reduce heat loss?

A

Examples include using a plastic beaker, insulation, or a lid/cover. Any sensible modification is acceptable.

Ignore mentions of preventing draughts, gas loss, or bomb calorimeters.

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19
Q

What is required for substances to react fully?

A

All substances must react fully or completely, or heat must be evolved quickly or distributed evenly. Simply stating ‘so they react’ is insufficient for the mark.

Accept an increase in the chances of successful collisions or collision rate, but do not accept ‘rate of reaction increase’ or ‘make reaction faster’.

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20
Q

What is the principle of energy conservation in chemical reactions?

A

Energy is conserved in chemical reactions, so the total amount of energy in the universe at the end of a reaction is the same as it was before the reaction.

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21
Q

What happens to energy during a chemical reaction?

A

Energy is transferred to or from the surroundings.

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22
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

An endothermic reaction is when energy is taken in from the surroundings, causing the temperature of the surroundings to decrease.

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23
Q

Can you give examples of endothermic reactions?

A

Examples of endothermic reactions include thermal decomposition reactions and the reaction of citric acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate.

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24
Q

What are everyday uses of endothermic reactions?

A

Everyday uses of endothermic reactions include instant ice packs which can be used to treat sports injuries.

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25
What does an energy level diagram show?
An energy level diagram (energy profile) shows whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic, including the energy in the reactants and products, and the difference in energy between them.
26
What should be labeled on an energy level diagram for an endothermic reaction?
The diagram should be labeled with reactants, products, and energy change (ΔH) with an arrow showing the direction of the energy change.
27
What is the principle of conservation of mass in chemical reactions?
No matter is created or destroyed. So the mass of all the reactants = the mass of all the products.
28
What is an example of conservation of mass?
Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. ## Footnote CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂
29
What type of reaction is the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate?
It is an endothermic reaction.
30
What is the chemical formula for calcium carbonate?
CaCO₃
31
What are the products of the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate?
Calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
32
What is a Precipitation reaction?
A reaction between 2 solutions (liquids with solids dissolved in), which produces an insoluble solid called the precipitate.
33
What is a Thermal decomposition reaction?
Heat is used to break up a compound into smaller compounds or elements.
34
What is a Combustion reaction?
A fuel (compound made of hydrogen and carbon) is reacted with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide and water.
35
What is an Oxidation reaction?
A substance, such as a metal, reacts with oxygen. Like combustion, but none of the reactants are fuels.
36
What is a Displacement reaction?
A more reactive metal takes the place of a less reactive metal in a compound.
37
What is a Neutralisation reaction?
A reaction between an acid and an alkali, that produces water and a salt.
38
How will you recognise combustion & oxidation?
Oxygen is always a reactant and heat energy is given out.
39
What is a displacement reaction?
A displacement reaction is when an element higher in the reactivity series displaces a less reactive element from a compound.
40
How will you recognise a displacement reaction?
Colour change occurs.
41
What are the products of the reaction: Magnesium + copper sulfate?
Magnesium + copper sulfate → magnesium + copper. ## Footnote Example: Blue solution turns colorless.
42
What is a neutralisation reaction?
A reaction between an acid and an alkali (or an acid and a base).
43
What is the general equation for a neutralisation reaction?
Acid + base → salt + water.
44
How will you recognise a neutralisation reaction?
Always forms water and a salt and the PH scale will he neutral.
45
What is a precipitation reaction?
A reaction between two solutions to produce an insoluble solid which will precipitate out.
46
How will you recognise a precipitation reaction?
The reaction mixture turns cloudy.
47
What are the products of the reaction: Carbon dioxide + calcium hydride?
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O. ## Footnote Example: Produces a precipitate.
48
What are the products of the reaction: Lead nitrate + potassium iodide?
Lead nitrate + potassium iodide → potassium nitrate + lead iodide. ## Footnote Example: Produces a yellow precipitate.
49
What are compounds?
Compounds are new substances formed when elements combine or join together.
50
What is the first rule for naming compounds?
The element that is furthest left in the periodic table comes first, e.g., Sodium Chloride/Carbon dioxide.
51
What is the second rule for naming compounds?
If there are only two elements in the compound, the compound's name ends in -ide, e.g., copper sulfide.
52
What is the third rule for naming compounds?
If the compound contains three elements, one of which is oxygen, the compound name will end in -ate or -ite, e.g., calcium carbonate.
53
What do prefixes in compound names indicate?
Prefixes indicate the number of atoms of certain elements in each molecule.
54
What does the prefix 'Mono-' mean?
Mono- means one.
55
What does the prefix 'Di-' mean?
Di- means two.
56
What does the prefix 'Tri-' mean?
Tri- means three.
57
What does the prefix 'Tetra-' mean?
Tetra- means four.
58
What does the prefix 'Penta-' mean?
Penta- means five.
59
What does the prefix 'Hexa-' mean?
Hexa- means six.
60
What is the formula for carbon monoxide?
The formula for carbon monoxide is CO, which contains one carbon atom and one oxygen atom.
61
What is the name for KF?
KF is called potassium fluoride.
62
What is the name for Li3N?
Li3N is lithium nitride.
63
What is the name for MgS?
MgS is called magnesium sulfide.
64
What is the name for Li3PO4?
Li3PO4 is lithium phosphate.

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