Chemistry 10 Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is matter?
Any substance with mass and volume. (Ex. Gasoline, a table)
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A mixture in which the composition is not uniform/combined. (Ex. Chocolate chip cookie dough, chicken noodle soup)
What is a homogeneous mixture?
A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout. (Ex. Milk)
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture with two or more substances. It includes a solute in a solvant. (Ex. Sugar dissolved in water)
What is a substance?
A form of matter with constant composition and chemical properties. (Ex. Baking soda, water, sugar)
What is a compound?
A substance composed of two or more chemical elements/ more than one type of atom. (Ex. Table salt)
What is an element?
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances/ only one type of atom. (Ex. Potassium)
What is an atom?
The smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down chemically. (Ex. Oxygen molecule)
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. This identifies which element it is.
What is the atomic mass?
The total weight of an atom. (Protons+neutrons)
What is the difference between an atom and an ion.
An atom has equal protons and electrons and therefore has a neutral charge. An ion has a different amount of electrons and protons and is therefore charged either positively or negatively.
What are the three subatomic particles?
Proton: positive charge, found in nucleus, weigh 1 amu, symbol “P”, proton# = atomic #
Neutron: Neutral, found in nucleus, weigh 1 amu, symbol “n”, neutron = atomic mass - # of protons
Electron: Negatively charged, circles nucleus, weigh 0 amu, symbol “e-“, # varies
How many electrons are on each ring of a BOHR diagram?
1st energy level: 2e-
2nd energy level: 8e-
3rd energy level: 8e-
4th energy level: 18e-
5th energy level: 18e-
BOHR diagram for an ion
1)Write # of protons and neutrons inside of a nucleus.
2) Draw energy levels with required number of electrons.
Metals: Less than 4 valence electrons are lost and outer ring disappears
Nm: More than 4 valence electrons gain to create an octet.
What are Valence electrons.
Electrons on the outside energy ring. The number of valence electrons is equal to the group number. Ex) Group 2A = 2 valence electrons.
What is the octet rule?
A balanced ion must have 8 valence electrons, or have a complete outermost shell.
What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
Cation: Formed by metals, have lost electrons, overall positive charge, more protons than neutrons
Anion: Formed by non-metals, have gained electrons, overall negative charge, less protons than electrons
How to name an ionic bond (M to NM)?
1) Write symbols + charges
2) Balance the formula
3) Keep first name, add “ide” to second
(Ex. Magnesium chloride)
What is a polyatomic ion and how do you name one?
An ion containing more than one atom.
1) Both names remain as are.
(Ex. Ammonium Sulfite)
What is a multivalent ion and and how to identify when naming?
An ion with multiple charges.
1) Find symbol + charge
2) Balance formula
3) Use Roman numerals to show charge
Ex) Cobalt (III) Fluoride
How to name covalent bonded molecules?
Add prefixes to the names.
Mono (one), Di (two), Tri (three), Tetra (four), Penta (five), Hexa (Six), Hepta (seven), Octa (eight), Nona (Nine), Deca (ten)
Ex) Carbon Dioxide
BOHR diagram for ionic bond
1) Draw the BOHR diagram of each atom
2) Draw arrows showing electron transfer from metal to nonmetal
Lewis dot diagram of a cation?
1) Write element symbol
2) Put square brackets around
3) Add positive charge
Lewis dot of an anion?
1) Write element symbol
2) Square bracket outside
3) Draw eight dots to show octet rule
4) Write negative charge
