Chemistry

Question 1

What are orbitals?

Answer 1

Electrons dont have the same amount of energy and so they are broken down into subshells called orbitals/

Question 2

What is the orbital order?

Answer 2

1s, 2s, 2p 3s, 3p,4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f

Question 3

Describe electrons in terms of spin

Answer 3

Two possible states- ‘spin up’ and ‘spin down’ Each electron has a different spin state

Question 3

Describe electrons in terms of spin

Answer 3

Two possible states- ‘spin up’ and ‘spin down’ Each electron has a different spin state

Question 4

Define a positve and negative charge

Answer 4

Positive- When an atom loses electrons

Negative- When an atom gains electrons

Question 5

What is electrostatic attraction?

Answer 5

The force experienced by oppositely charged particles. It holds the particles strongly together

Question 6

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 6

• When an atom loses one or more electron and donates it to another.
• Between metals (losing) and non-metals (gaining)

Question 7

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 7

• Occurs between two non-metals

- A covalent bond forms when an electron is shared between the atoms

Question 8

What is an organic compound?

Answer 8

A compound that contains one or more carbons in a carbon chain

Question 9

What is a lone pair?

Answer 9

`A non-binding pair of electons

Question 10

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 10

• The sharing of free electrons among a structure of positively charged ions
• Between two metals
• Electrons move in a ‘sea’ of electons

Question 11

What is a non-polar molecule?

Answer 11

A molecules where the electrons are distributed evenly throughout the molecule

Question 12

What is a polar molecule?

Answer 12

A molecule with partial positive charge in one part of the molecule and a similar negative charge in another part due to uneven electron distribution

Question 13

What is electronegativity

Answer 13

The tendacy of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. Atoms that have similar electronegativities form covalent bonds.

Question 14

What are the two types of covalent bonding?

Answer 14

Polar and non-polar covalent bonding

Question 15

What are intermolecular forces?

Answer 15

The attraction or repulsion between neighbouring molecules. All of the attractions are called Van der Waals forces

Question 16

What are london dispersion forces?

Answer 16

• London dispersion forces are a type of force acting between atoms and molecules that are normally electrically symmetric
• Weakest force

Question 17

What are dipole-dipole forces?

Answer 17

-Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule

Question 18

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 18

• Strongest force

- When there is an attraction between the positive end of one and the lone pair of electrons on the other.

Question 19

What is the equation for molar mass

Answer 19

Molar mass= mass/number of moles

Question 20

What is a mole?

Answer 20

1 mole= 6.022 x 10 to 23

Question 21

How to work out the relative formula mass?

Answer 21

The total sum of all the relative atomic masses

Question 22

What is the relative atomic mass?

Answer 22

Tells you how much mass there is in one mole of the element

Question 23

What is the empirical formula?

Answer 23

The ratio between elements in a chemical compound

Question 24

What is the molecular formula?

Answer 24

To work it out you need the relative molecular mass and the empirical formula.

Question 25

How do you work out the number of moles?

Answer 25

Number of moles= Molarity x volume of solution N=CV

Question 26

What is titration?

Answer 26

A method of volumetric analysis used to calculate the concentration of a solution

Question 27

Ho do you work out percentage yeild?

Answer 27

actual mass/theoretical mass x100%

Question 28

What are cations and anions?

Answer 28

Cations- Ions with a positive charge | Anions- Ions with a negative charge

Question 29

Define isoelectric

Answer 29

Having the same numbers of electrons

Question 30

What is periodicity?

Answer 30

The repeating pattern seen by the elements in the periodic table

Question 31

What is electron affinity?

Answer 31

The atoms ability to gain an electron and become a negative ion

Question 32

What is first ionisation energy?

Answer 32

The energy needed for one mole of electrons to be removed from one gaseous atoms

Question 33

Define ductile

Answer 33

Can be hammered and it doesnt break

Question 34

What is oxidation?

Answer 34

Loss of electrons from an atom/ion

Question 35

What are allotropes?

Answer 35

two or more differnt physical forms that an element can exist

Question 36

What is redox?

Answer 36

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions