Chemistry Flashcards
What is the history of the atom?
- Democritus–> everything is made of tiny particles
- Dalton–> solid sphere model (early 1800)
- Thompson–> plum pudding model (1904)
- Rutherford–> Nuclear model + gold foil experiment (1911)
- Bohr–> planetary model (1913) NOW
How do you calculate the neutrons of an atom?
atomic mass - atomic number
How does ionic bonding work?
- -> strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions cation
- non-metals gain ē –> anion
- metals bond to non-metals
- an atom gives or takes electrons to have a full outer shell
How does covalent bonding work?
-atoms share ē –> full outer shell
What is metallic bonding?
-sharing ē between metals
What is non-metal bonding?
-sharing ē between non-metals
What are some patterns of the periodic table?
- order of increasing mass and increasing atomic number
- lower in the group you go–> more reactive–> ē is far away from the nucleus (except for halogens)
- group number is the number of ē in the outer shell
- group 1,2,3–> +1,+2,+3
- group 5,6,7 –> -3,-2-1
What is PH?
the measure of how acidic or alkali a substance is
how do you measure PH?
- PH SCALE
- from 1 (acidic) to 14 (alkali)
- H+ = acid (bee sting, vinegar)
- OH- = alkali (wasp sting, toothpaste)
What are some examples of chemical reactions?
–> BONDS ARE BROKEN AND NEW BONDS ARE FORMED, MAKING NEW SUBSTANCES
What is neutralisation? (formula)
ACID + BASE–> SALT + WATER
EG: HCl + NaCl –> NaCl + H2O
Hydrochloric acids = ? salts
Hydrochloric acid = chlorine salts
Sulphuric acid = ? salts
Sulphuric acid = sulphate salts
Nitric acid = ? salts
Nitric acid = nitrate salts
acid + alkali –>
acid + metal oxide –>
Acid + metal hydroxide –>
salt + water
