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Biosci101 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Atom

A

A atom or group of Atoms that is positively or negatively charged

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2
Q

The Electron Shell with electrons containing the most potential energy is located…

A

Furthest away from the nucleus in the outermost shell because they need this energy to pull away from the attraction of the nucleus

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

Relates to the energy level of the electron

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4
Q

When can an electron move electron shells

A

Only when it has gained or lost the discrete amount of energy

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5
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

The sharing a pair of outer shell electrons by two atoms

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6
Q

Double Covalent Bond

A

Two shared pairs of electrons hold together a molecule

ie: a molecule of oxygen gas is held together by two shared pairs of electrons

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7
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Hydrogen atom with a net positive charge is attracted to an oxygen atom with a net negative charge

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8
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another, the atom that loses the electrons become net negatively charged and the one that gains the electron/s becomes net positively charged

if the atom has more electrons, it becomes net negatively charged

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

property of a substance that repels water

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10
Q

Hydrophilic

A

strong affinity for water, essentially meaning the ability to mix well, dissolve, or to be attracted to water

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11
Q

Polymer

A

material costing of macromolecules composed of many repeating subunits

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12
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

any class of chemical made up of only carbon and hydrogen the carbon atom join together to form the framework and the hydrogen atom attach to them in different configurations

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13
Q

Lipids

A

(fats) molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells.

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14
Q

Hydrogen

A

Net positive charge

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15
Q

Oxygen

A

Net negative charge

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16
Q

Amino Acids come from…

A

citric acid cycle and Glycolysis

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17
Q

Polymers form via

A

dehydration

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18
Q

Polymers break via..

A

addition of water /hydrolysis

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19
Q

Monotreme

A

compounds that can react with other molecules to form very large molecules or polymers

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20
Q

polymer

A

material consisting of macromolecules composed of many repeating subunits

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21
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

any class of chemical made up of only carbon and hydrogen the carbon atom join together to form the framework and the hydrogen atom attach to them in different configurations

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22
Q

Lipids

A

molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells.

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23
Q

Phospholipids

A

molecule which has a hydrophobic head containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic tails derived from fatty acids joined by usually glycerol

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24
Q

Acyl

A

derived from the removal of one or more hydroxyl (oxygen bonded to hydrogen) group from an oxoacid (at least one hydroxy group covalently bonded to an atom which is double bonded to one oxygen atoms)

Acyl chains are the blocks of cellular membranes and define boundaries and compartments within cells

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25
Double Bonded
two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms in a molecule
26
Ester Linkage
Bond between glycerol/fatty acids to form lipids, it bridges across with oxygen joining acyl chains which is called triglycerol (the linkage makes this)
27
Triose
Monnosaccharide/simple sugar containing three carbon atoms
28
Disaccharides
substance that is composed of two monosaccharides linked to one another by a glycosidic linkage
29
Glycosidic linkage
covalent bond that joins a sugar to another group
30
Polysaccharides:
Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds, starch and glycogen are examples of this
31
Glycoproteins
Molecules composing of proteins and carbohydrate chains
32
Glycolipids
lipids with a Carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent bond) bond
33
Amphipathic
hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts this is what happens to a fatty acid when a phosphate is added
34
Unsaturated fat and lipids
35
Unsaturated fat and lipids
if a hydrogen is removed from the bond this forms a double bond resulting in a kink in the chain resulting in it ending and bending impacting its functionality as it is no longer flexible or able to rotate Additionally meaning it cannot be stacked and packed together tightly
36
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides bonds form by..
dehydration
37
Polymers form via....
dehydration
38
Cellulose has ...... linkages
beta 1 4 which is why they cannot roate
39
Starch and glycogen have ..... linkages
alpha 14 which is why these things are flexible
40
Water
absorbs heat and holds it - buffering earth climate its polarity attracts positive and negative ions forms barriers with hydrophobic molecules drives the shape and structure of molecules Transports substrates
41
Polymers
Macromolecule DNA is a long chain of polymer form via dehydration constructed of monomers (building blocks)
42
Types of Polymers
Nucleic Acids Protiens Polysaccharides Lipids
43
Lipids
acetate - building blocks of lipids important for metabolism lipids can add acetates growing fatty acid chains / acyl chains addition of phosphate = amphipathic fatty acids Phospholipids form membranes, these membranes then form vesicles acyl chains can be either saturated or unsaturated water insoluble (hydrophobic) energy storage Membranes can be made from lipids Hormones
44
Acetate (lipid)
makes fats or can be a nuerotransmitter or used in the citric acid cycle most acyl chains = even numbers water is extracted so acetate can be added = dehydration
45
Phospholipid bilayer
cell membrane is made of this 2 layers form a barrier portioning means there are gradients gradients can be used for power liposomes break things down the phospholipids can form self organizing vesicles
46
Glycogen
polymer of glucose monomers more branches than starch with large stores in the liver and muscles stored more densely in animals than plants due to animals being mobile
47
Cellulose
polymer of glucose - not branched but similar to glucose and starch stored in cell wall
48
Chitin
polymer of glucose glucose monomer having a nitrogen containing appendage - which can attach to other things used for structural components of insects
49
Nucleic acids
storage of chemical energy - ATP intracellular signalling cAMP full of ribose sugar nucleotides are signalling molecules like ATP which then breaks down to ADP and denosine nucleotides come from glycolisis
50
Nucleic acid components
Ribose and nitrogeneous base bonds formed via dehydration oxygen missing from RNA compared to DNA
51
Protiens
formed from amino acids - peptide bonds between them range of amino acids properties determine protein structure and function
52
Peptide bonds
formed via dehydration Carboxy and Amine group will extract water which = dehydration which is how these form Hydrophobic will be found inside the protein and hydrophilic are found outside the protein
53
Oxidation
the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion
54
Hydrolysis
any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds
55
Entropy
measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work
56
ΔG
Gibbs free energy, used to measure the max amount of work done in a system when the temp and pressure is kept consistent
57
ΔS
change in entropy
58
Anabolic
Building up
59
Catabolic
breaking down
60
Anhydride
chemical compound obtained, by the elimination of water from another compound
61
ΔG
gibbs free energy
62
Exergonic
energy is going out
63
Endogonic
means the energy is coming in
64
Catabolism stages
1. Hydrolysis of complex molecules to their building blocks - hydrolyzing fats down in to fatty acids/amino acids, glycogen down to glucose 2. conversion of building blocks to Acetyl CoA - this is made attaching it to co enzyme A which is used for many things like carrying carbon skeletons around 3. Oxidation of Acetyl CoA passing this through the complex process of electron transport system oxidative phosphorylation coming out with lots of ATP
65
ΔH - TΔS= ΔG
change in entropy - temperature x change in entropy =change in gibbs free energy
66
Entropy
measure of thermal energy that is available for doing work
67
Law one : Thermodynamics
energy can not be created or destroyed - it changes form the universe is becoming increasingly disordered the change in enthalpy is the sum of heat release + work done : ΔH = q + w which is then : ΔH- TΔS= ΔG
68
Law two : Thermodynamics
universe tends trend toward disorder going to an increasing state of disorder is an increase in entropy the most energy is used trying to hold on to non equilibrium Non equilibrium is ordered as order has been forced on to it - this is low entropy Equilibrium is less order and a high entropy S is the symbol for entropy - entropy is a measure of chaos the change in energy of a reaction (work and heat) - temperature x change in order = change in energy for a given reaction
69
Gibbs Free energy
predicts whether a reaction occurs spontaneously (predicted) predicting the max possible change in concentration between reactants and products the more negative the delta g the more work that can be done does not predict the reactions rate as this is determined by other factors

Biosci101 (1 decks)

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