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Exam 2 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Is the study of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

What are isomers

A

Compounds w the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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3
Q

4 ways carbon skeletons can vary:

A
  • straight
    -length
  • branched
  • rings
  • double bonds
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4
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH
Alcohols

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5
Q

Draw hydroxyl

A

H H
H- C - C - OH
H H

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6
Q

Carbonyl

A
  • metabolites of fat or alcohol catabolism
  • keystones / aldehyde
  • acetones
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7
Q

Draw carbonyl

A

H O H
I II. l
H - C - C - C - H
H. H

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8
Q

Carboxyl

A
  • imports an acidic quality
    -COOH
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9
Q

Carboxyl drawing

A

O
ll
-C- OH

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10
Q

Amino

A
  • alkaline
  • base
    NH2
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11
Q

Draw amino

A

H
l
- N - H

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12
Q

Sulfhydryl

A
  • helps stabilize protein structure
    -SH
    HS-
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13
Q

Draw sulfhydryl

A

R - S
l
H

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14
Q

Phosphate

A
  • structure & energy
  • OPO3 2-
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15
Q

Phosphate draw

A

O
- O - P - O -
l
O-

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16
Q

Methyl

A
  • genetics
  • CH3
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17
Q

Macromolecules

A

Are large molecules and are complex
Are polymers, built from monomers

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18
Q

A polymer

A

Is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
- carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid

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19
Q

Monomers

A

Repeating units that serve as a building block

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20
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and polymers of sugars

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21
Q

Simplest carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
= keystones or aldehyde

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22
Q

Carbohydrate macromolecules

A

Are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

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23
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Synthesizing a polymer
- removes a water molecule, forming a bond

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24
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaking down a polymer
- adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

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25
Saturated fatty acids
Have the maximum # of H atoms possible and NO double bonds - most animal fats - solid at room temp
26
Unsaturated fatty acids
Have one or more double bonds - plant and fish fats - bend - liquid at room temp
27
What fatty acid are healthiest ? Bad fatty acid ?
Healthiest - unsaturated Bad - trans fats
28
Hydrogenation
Changing unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
29
In a phospholipid
There are 2 fatty acids ( hydrophobic ) and a phosphate ( hydrophilic ) group are attached to glycerol
30
Starch
A storage polysaccharide of plants, consist of glucose monomers
31
Where do plants store starch ?
As granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
32
Glycogen
Is a storage polysaccharide in animals
33
Where is glycogen stored
Liver and muscle cells
34
Chitin
Structural polysaccharide - found in fungal cell walls and in exoskeleton
35
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
36
Polypeptide
Folded to functional to make protein
37
Denaturation
Loss of protein’s structure or to unfold protein
38
What causes desaturation
pH , salt concentration, temp
39
Virus
Infectious particle, consisting of genes packaged in protein coat
40
What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don’t?
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
41
Plasmodesmata
Are channels that perforate plant cell walls - communication - water and small molecules can pass
42
Tight junctions
Neighboring cells pressed together, preventing leakage of extra cellular fluid - water proofing
43
Desmosomes junction
Strong sheets
44
Gap junction
Communication in animal cell
45
Endosymbiont theory
Once pro - mitochondria and chloroplasts
46
Enzyme
Chemical agents that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS
47
Metabolism
The totality of an organisms chemical reactions
48
Metabolic pathway
Series/multi step reaction
49
Catabolic
Breakdown
50
Anabolic
Build up
51
Competitive inhibition
Bind to the active cite of an enzyme, competing w the substrate
52
Non competitive inhibition
Bind to another part of the enzyme, changing shape, less effective
53
Activation energy
Initial
54
Energy
Ability to make change
55
Free energy
Can be used
56
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy can not be created or destroyed only transferred or transformed
57
2nd law of thermodynamics
Every Energy transfer increases the disorder (entropy) of the Universe
58
Exergonic reactions
Release of free energy and spontaneously occur in nature
59
Endergonic reaction
Absorbs free energy and undergoes work
60
ATP
Adenosine triphospate The cells energy shuttle

Exam 2 (2 decks)

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