Chemistry Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
the science of the structure and interactions of matter
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Chemistry
2
Q
all living and nonliving things consist of
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Matter
3
Q
the amount of matter in any object, which does not change
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Mass
4
Q
the force of gravity acting on matter, does change
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Weight
5
Q
all forms of matter-both living and nonliving- are made up of a limited number of building blocks called:
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Chemical Elements
6
Q
each named element is designated by a:
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Chemical Symbol
7
Q
Twenty six different chemical elements normally are present in your body. Just four elements constitute about 96% of the body’s mass, they are called the:
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Major Elements
8
Q
what are the 4 Major Elements
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oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
9
Q
The eight elements after the Major Elements are classified as the:
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Lesser Elements
10
Q
in addition to the Lesser Elements, there are 14:
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Trace Elements
11
Q
Each element is made up of
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Atoms
12
Q
dozens of different ______ ________ compose individual atoms
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Subatomic Particles
13
Q
the dense central core of an atom is its:
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Nucleus
14
Q
within the nucleus are positively charged:
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Protons (p+)
15
Q
within the nucleus are uncharged (neutral):
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neutrons (n0)
16
Q
the tiny negatively charged __________ (e-) move about in a large space surrounding the nucleus
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Electrons
17
Q
Even though their exact positions cannot be predicted, specific groups of electrons are most likely to move about within certain regions around the nucleus. These regions, called:
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Electron Shells
18
Q
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is an atoms:
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Atomic Number
19
Q
The _______ __________ of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons
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Mass Number
20
Q
_________ are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers
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Isotopes
21
Q
certain isotopes celled _________ ____________ are unstable; their nuclei decay (spontaneously change) into a stable configuration
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Radioactive Isotopes
22
Q
the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of an isotope to decay into a more stable form
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half-life
23
Q
some radioisotopes can be used as _________ to follow the movement of certain substances through the body
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tracers
24
Q
the standard unit for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles is a:
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Dalton
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the ______ ________ of an element is the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes
atomic mass
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a particle that has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons
ion
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when two or more atoms share electrons, the resulting combination is called a:
molecule
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a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements
compound
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an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell
free radical
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exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, x-rays, ozone, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, and some reactions that occur during normal metabolic processes are several sources of:
free radicals
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cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, emphysema, diabetes, mellitus, cataracts, macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, and deterioration associated with aging are all disorders, diseases, and conditions linked to oxygen derived:
free radicals
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consuming more ____________ - substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals-is thought to show the pace of damage caused by free radicals
antioxidants
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the forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or compound are:
chemical bonds
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the likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom depends on the number of electrons in its outermost shell, also called the:
valence shell
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under the right conditions, two or more atoms can interact in ways that produce a chemically stable arrangement of eight valence electrons for each atom. this chemical principle is called the:
octet rule
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the force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges is an:
ionic bond
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positively charge ion
cation
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negatively charge ion
anion
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(minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge)
an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution is called an:
electrolyte
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when a ________ ________ forms, two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them
covalent bond
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when two atoms share one electron pair
single covalent bond
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when two atoms share two pairs of electrons
double covalent bond
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when two atoms share three pairs of electrons
triple covalent bond
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in some covalent bond, two atoms share the electrons more strongly than the other atom. This type of bond is a:
polar covalent bond
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the power to attract electrons to itself
electronegativity
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bones and teeth (have definite shape and volume)
Solid
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blood plasma (have definite volume, assume shape of container)
Liquids
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oxygen (O2) have neither shape or volume
Gases
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_______ _____forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms, most often larger oxygen or nitrogen atoms
hydrogen bond
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a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid
surface tension
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occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms
chemical reaction
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a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction (starting substances - two H2 and one O2)
reactant
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a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction (the ending substances - two molecules of H20)
products
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the term _________ refers to all the chemical reactions occurring in the body
metabolism
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the capacity to do work
energy
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stored energy is called:
potential energy
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energy in motion is called:
kinetic energy
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a form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules
chemical energy
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although energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it may be converted from one form to another. this principle is known as:
law of conservation of energy
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__________ __________ (ex=out) release more energy than they absorb
exergonic reactions
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___________ ___________ (end=within) absorb more energy than they release
endergonic reactions
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the collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants is called the
activation energy
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chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur are:
catalysts
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when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules, the processes are called:
synthesis reactions
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all of the synthesis reactions that occur in your body are collectively referred to as:
anabolism
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____________ ____________ split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules
decomposition reactions
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the decomposition reactions that occur in your body are collectively referred to as:
catabolism
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consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions
exchange reactions
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the products can revert to the original reactants.
indicated by two half-arrows pointing in opposite directions
reversible reaction
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the loss of electrons; in the process the oxidized substance releases energy
oxidation
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the gain of electrons; in the process the reduced substance gains energy
reduction
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are always parallel; when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time
oxidation-reduction reactions
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usually lack carbon and are structurally simple
inorganic compounds
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always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, and always have covalent bonds
organic compounds
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the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems
water
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a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in relative amounts that can be varied continuously up to what is called the limit of solubility.
solution
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substance (molecule) with the ability to dissolve other substances (solutes) to form a solution
solvent
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a substance that can be dissolved into a solution by a solvent
solute
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solutes that are charged or contain polar covalent bonds are_________ which means they dissolve easily in water
hydrophilic
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molecules that contain mainly nonpolar covalent bonds, by contrast, are _____________. they are not very water soluble
hydrophobic
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a common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between a particular substance
hydrolysis
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a chemical reaction that occurs when two molecules or compounds are joined together to form a larger molecule, releasing a water molecule in the process
dehydration synthesis reaction
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combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds
mixture
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differs from a solution mainly because of the size of its particles
colloid
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a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid that contains solid particles sufficiently large for sedimentation.
suspension
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refers to the amount of a substance in a defined space
concentration
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relative mass of a solute found in any given volume of solution
percentage
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relate to the total number of molecules in a given volume of solution
molarity/ moles per liter (mol/L)
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amount of any substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all its atoms
mole
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when inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, they:
dissociate
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a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions
acid
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created when a hydrogen atom loses an electron
hydrogen ions
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acids are ________ ____________
proton donors
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bases are ___________ ____________
proton acceptors
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when dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions
salt
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a solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the
pH scale
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a solution that has more H+ than OH- is an
acidic solution
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a solution that has more OH_ than H+ is a
basic solution
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function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
buffer systems/buffers
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the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is called the
carbon skeleton
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other atoms or molecules bound to the hydrocarbon skeleton are called:
functional groups
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Small organic molecules can combine into very large molecules that are called
macromolecules
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a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecules
polymers
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a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
monomers
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Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures are called
isomers
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include sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose.
carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides and disaccharides are known as
simple sugars
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the monomers of carbohydrates are called:
monosaccharides
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a molecule formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
disaccharide
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Each ____________ molecule contains tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis reactions
polysaccharide
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The main polysaccharide in the human body is
glycogen
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____________ are polysaccharides formed from glucose by plants
starches
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_________________is a polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that cannot be digested by humans but does provide bulk to help eliminate feces
cellulose
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make up 18–25% of body mass in lean adults.
lipids
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soluble because the proteins are on the outside and the lipids are on the inside.
lipoproteins
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