Chemistry Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What does the law of conservation of mass state?
A
- The total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products in ANY chemical reaction
- One side must weigh the same as the other side of the chemical equation.
- Matter is neither created nor destroyed
Add any details
2
Q
what is a Chemical property?
A
Chemical property: description of what a substance does as it changes into one or more new substances
3
Q
What is a physical Property?
A
Physical Property : description of a substance that DOESNT involve the formation of a new substance.
* Description of a substance; e.g texture, density, smell, solubility, taste, melting, point, physical state, etc.
4
Q
Define a physical change
A
Physical change: DOES NOT produce a new substance.
Many physical changes CAN be reversed.
E.G. Changes of state and dissolving or example of physical changes.
5
Q
Lesson 5.1: Properties and Changes
Define a chemical change
A
Chemical change: A change a substance goes through to produce a new substance (or more than one new substance).
These changes CANNOT be reversed
Examples of chemical changes:
* Iron rusting
* Acid reacting with magnesium to produce hydrogen gas
6
Q
Give the clues that a chemical change occured
there are 5 clues that show a chemical change occured
A
7
Q
Draw a lewis structure in notebook or practice worksheet
A
8
Q
what are the 3 bond types?
prartial charges: polar
A
9
Q
What is the PH scale?
A
PH scale: A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
10
Q
Lesson 7.3: PH scale
Defenifiton of PH
A
PH: A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
11
Q
Lesson 7.3: PH scale
What is the PH scale?
A
PH scale: Numerical scale ranging from 0-14 that is used to compare the acidity of solutions
12
Q
Lesson 7.3: PH scale
What goes at the bottom of the PH scale? Why?
A
13
Q
Lesson 7.3: PH scale
What goes at the top of the PH scale? Why?
A
14
Q
Lesson 7.3: PH scale
What is an Acidic solution?
A
Acids
* Acids are MOLECULAR compounds
* All acids release at least ONE hydrogen ion when they dissolve in water
* Low PH (0-6)
* More hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions
15
Q
Lesson 7.3: PH scale
Give the properties of an Acidic solution
A
Acid properties
* Conductive
* Reacts with magnesium
* Reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate (vineger + baking soda)
* Colour with bromothymol blue indicator- YELLOW
* Effect on red litmus paper- RED
* Effect on blue litmus paper- RED
16
Q
Lesson 7.3: PH scale
What is a basic solution?
A
Bases
* Bases are IONIC compounds
* Bases contaion HYDROXIDE (OH) or carbonate ions
* High PH (8-14)
* More hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
17
Q
List the properties of a basic solution
A
Basic properties
* NOT Conductive
* DOES NOT React with magnesium
* DOES NOT react with sodium hydrogen carbonate
* Colour with bromothymol blue indicator- BLUE
* Effect on red litmus paper- BLUE
* Effect on blue litmus paper- BLUE
18
Q
Is the PH of an acid high or low? what is the range?
A
19
Q
Is the PH of a base high or low? what is the range?
A
20
Q
What is a neutral solution? What is the PH of it?
A
21
Q
What makes a solution neutral?
A
The concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions are equal
22
Q
Which ions make a solution neutral and how?
A
When the concentration of hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions are equal
23
Q
Lesson 5:5: Atoms and Ions
Q: Lewis diagrams ONLY show [……..] of an atom
A
Lewis diagrams ONLY show {the valence electrons} of an atom
24
Q
Lesson 5:5: Atoms and Ions
What can you use lewis structures for?
A
To show the bonds in covalent and ionic compounds
25
What is a neutralization reaction?
26
# Lesson 5:5: Atoms and Ions
This rule is important to remember when making Lewis structures.What is the OCTET RULE?
The OCTECT rule: Atoms want to have 8 electrons in their outer shell!
27
What two solutions are needed to form a neutralization reaction?
28
What does a neutralization reaction form? What are the components of it?
29
What type of compund is this?
ionic compund
30
# Applications of the PH scale for soil:
PH soil can vary due to:
* Type of rock in the area
* The kinds of plants growing
* Materials people have added
31
# Lesson 6.1: Describing Chemical reactions
What is a Chemical reaction?
Chemical reaction: A process in which substances interact, causing the formation of new substances with new properties
32
# Lesson 6.1: Describing Chemical reactions
What is a **Word** equation?
Word equation: A way of describing a chemical reaction using the names of the reactants and products
33
# Lesson 6.1: Describing Chemical reactions
What is a Chemcial Equation?
Chemical equation: A way of describing a chemical reaction using the chemical formulas of the reactants and products
34
# Lesson 6.1: Describing Chemical reactions
What is a Skeletion Equation?
Skeletion Equation: Unbalanced chemical equation where BOTH sides of equation are unbalanced
35
What does the arrow "->" represent in a chemical equation?
36
What does the plus sign "+" represent in a chemical equation?
37
# Lesson 6.4 - Information In Chemical Equations
Why do we balance chemical equations?
38
When we first write out a chemical equation, what type of chemical equation do we start with?
Skeleton
39
Why are COEFFICIENTS added before chemical formulas in an Unbalanced equation?
40
41
Differentiate between physical & chemical properties. State two examples of each.
Physical properties can be observed without changing the substance's identity, such as color and melting point. Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to change into different substances, such as flammability and reactivity.
## Footnote
Examples of physical properties: color, melting point. Examples of chemical properties: flammability, reactivity.
42
What does WHMIS stand for?
WHMIS stands for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System.
43
What does HHPS stand for?
HHPS stands for Household Hazardous Products Symbols.
44
Name two household products that have an HHPS on them. Name the symbol. Give one precaution for each.
Examples include cleaning products and paint. The symbols are caution and poison. Precautions include using gloves and ensuring proper ventilation.
## Footnote
Precautions: use gloves for cleaning products; ensure proper ventilation for paint.
45
Know what group each element is in and how that relates to its valence electrons?
Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons.
46
Identify the general location of the metal groups, nonmetal groups and metalloids.
Metals are located on the left side of the periodic table, nonmetals on the right, and metalloids along the staircase line.
47
Differentiate between an element and a compound. Give an example of each.
An element is a pure substance made of one type of atom, such as oxygen. A compound is made of two or more different elements chemically bonded, such as water.
## Footnote
Example of an element: oxygen. Example of a compound: water.
48
Differentiate between a binary ionic compound and a polyatomic compound. Give an example of each.
A binary ionic compound consists of two elements, such as sodium chloride. A polyatomic compound contains more than two elements, such as ammonium sulfate.
## Footnote
Example of binary ionic compound: sodium chloride. Example of polyatomic compound: ammonium sulfate.
49
Differentiate between an ionic compound and a molecular compound. Give an example of each.
An ionic compound is formed from the electrostatic attraction between ions, such as sodium chloride. A molecular compound is formed from covalent bonds between atoms, such as carbon dioxide.
## Footnote
Example of ionic compound: sodium chloride. Example of molecular compound: carbon dioxide.
50
Differentiate between physical and chemical changes. Give an example of each.
A physical change alters the form of a substance without changing its identity, such as melting ice. A chemical change results in the formation of new substances, such as rusting iron.
## Footnote
Example of physical change: melting ice. Example of chemical change: rusting iron.
51
State the four clues that a chemical change has taken place.
The four clues are color change, gas production, temperature change, and formation of a precipitate.
52
Describe how an atom becomes an ion.
An atom becomes an ion by gaining or losing electrons.
53
How do metals become ions and what is the resulting charge?
Metals become ions by losing electrons, resulting in a positive charge.
54
How do non-metals become ions and what is the resulting charge?
Non-metals become ions by gaining electrons, resulting in a negative charge.
55
State the charge of the ions of the following atoms: Beryllium.
Beryllium has a charge of +2.
56
State the charge of the ions of the following atoms: Phosphorus.
Phosphorus has a charge of -3.
57
State the charge of the ions of the following atoms: Aluminum.
Aluminum has a charge of +3.
58
State the charge of the ions of the following atoms: Argon.
Argon is a noble gas and does not typically form ions.
59
Name the noble gas which has the same number of electrons as an ion of the following elements: Sodium.
The noble gas is Neon.
60
Name the noble gas which has the same number of electrons as an ion of the following elements: Phosphorus.
The noble gas is Argon.
61
Name the noble gas which has the same number of electrons as an ion of the following elements: Bromine.
The noble gas is Krypton.
62
Name the noble gas which has the same number of electrons as an ion of the following elements: Calcium.
The noble gas is Argon.
63
Fill in the following chart to show how an ionic compound is formed. Give the formula of each: Magnesium and Chlorine.
Magnesium loses two electrons to form Mg²⁺, and Chlorine gains one electron to form Cl⁻. The formula is MgCl₂.
64
Fill in the following chart to show how an ionic compound is formed. Give the formula of each: Aluminum and Oxygen.
Aluminum loses three electrons to form Al³⁺, and Oxygen gains two electrons to form O²⁻. The formula is Al₂O₃.
65
Write the chemical formula for potassium oxide.
The chemical formula for potassium oxide is K₂O.
66
Write the chemical formula for calcium nitrate.
The chemical formula for calcium nitrate is Ca(NO₃)₂.
67
Write the chemical formula for calcium sulfate.
The chemical formula for calcium sulfate is CaSO₄.
68
Write the chemical formula for hydrobromic acid.
The chemical formula for hydrobromic acid is HBr.
69
Write the chemical formula for aluminum nitride.
The chemical formula for aluminum nitride is AlN.
70
Write the chemical formula for disulphur heptaoxide.
The chemical formula for disulphur heptaoxide is S₂O₇.
71
Write the chemical formula for iron (III) chloride.
The chemical formula for iron (III) chloride is FeCl₃.
72
Write the chemical formula for copper (I) chlorate.
The chemical formula for copper (I) chlorate is CuClO₃.
73
Write the chemical formula for ammonium fluoride.
The chemical formula for ammonium fluoride is NH₄F.
74
Write the names of the following compounds: a) H250A
H250A
75
Write the names of the following compounds: b) Fep
Fep
76
Write the names of the following compounds: c) РЬз (POs)
РЬз (POs)
77
Write the names of the following compounds: d) Na;N
Na;N
78
Write the names of the following compounds: e) Br.Og
Br.Og
79
Write the names of the following compounds: f) CCl
CCl
80
Write the names of the following compounds: g) NiO
NiO
81
Write the names of the following compounds: h) Ca(NOs)2
Ca(NOs)2
82
Write the names of the following compounds: i) FeSOa
FeSOa
83
State the Law of Conservation of Mass.
The mass of an isolated system remains constant, regardless of the processes acting inside the system.
84
When 8.0 grams of methane is reacted with 16.0 grams of oxygen gas, how much carbon dioxide is produced?
18.0 grams of water is produced.
85
Count the number of atoms in the following: a) AISOA
Count the atoms in AISOA.
86
Count the number of atoms in the following: b) Ba;(PO4)2
Count the atoms in Ba;(PO4)2.
87
Count the number of atoms in the following: c) 3C3(504)2
Count the atoms in 3C3(504)2.
88
Balance the following equation: a) Al + Br -> AlBr
Al + Br2 -> 2AlBr.
89
Balance the following equation: b) Mg + HNO3 -> Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Mg + 2HNO3 -> Mg(NO3)2 + H2.
90
Balance the following equation: c) C3H3 + O2 -> H2O + CO2
C3H3 + 3O2 -> 3H2O + 3CO2.
91
Balance the following equation: d) HCl + Fe2O3 -> FeCl3 + H2O
6HCl + Fe2O3 -> 2FeCl3 + 3H2O.
92
Convert the following word equation to a skeleton equation: a) fluorine + calcium bromide -> calcium fluoride + bromine
F2 + CaBr2 -> CaF2 + Br2.
93
Convert the following word equation to a skeleton equation: b) methane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
CH4 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O.
94
Predict the product(s) for the reaction: a) aluminum combines with chlorine.
2Al + 3Cl2 -> 2AlCl3.
95
Identify the TYPE of chemical reaction: b) magnesium combines with aluminum chloride.
Single displacement reaction.
96
Write the chemical skeleton for the equation: c) calcium chloride combines with sodium sulfide.
CaCl2 + Na2S -> CaS + 2NaCl.
97
Balance the equation: d) barium oxide is heated.
BaO -> Ba + O2.
98
Explain how to identify an acid or base by looking at its chemical formula.
Look for the presence of H+ ions for acids or OH- ions for bases.
99
State 3 other ways to tell if a substance is an acid or a base.
1. Taste (sour for acids, bitter for bases). 2. Litmus test (red for acids, blue for bases). 3. pH measurement (below 7 for acids, above 7 for bases).
100
Complete the diagram of the pH scale.
Label the locations of weak acid, strong acid, weak base, and strong base.
101
Write the general equation for a neutralization reaction.
Acid + Base -> Salt + Water.
102
Complete the following neutralization reaction: HCl + Ba(OH)2
HCl + Ba(OH)2 -> BaCl2 + 2H2O.
103
Explain how the pH value of a solution changes as the concentration of an acid is increased.
As the concentration of an acid increases, the pH value decreases.
104
What is a physical property?
A physical property is a description of the substance that does not involve the formation of a new substance; for example, colour, texture, density, smell, solubility, taste, melting point, and physical state.
105
What is a chemical property?
A chemical property is a description of what a substance does as it changes into one or more new substances.
106
What is an example of a chemical property?
The reaction of an acid with a base, such as vinegar (acid) with baking soda (base).
107
What is flammability?
Flammability is a chemical property; for example, gasoline is flammable.
108
What is bleaching ability?
Bleaching ability refers to the capacity of a substance, like hydrogen peroxide, to lighten or remove color.
109
What is corrosion?
Corrosion is a chemical property where a substance, such as salt, can break down metal.
110
What is a physical change?
A physical change does not produce a new substance; examples include dissolving and changes of state.
111
Can physical changes be reversed?
Many physical changes can be reversed, while others cannot.
112
What is a chemical change?
A chemical change is a change that a substance goes through to produce one or more new substances; these changes are generally difficult to reverse.
113
What are clues that a chemical change may have occurred?
1. A new substance appears 2. Heat or light is produced or absorbed 3. Bubbles of gas are formed 4. A precipitate (insoluble solid) is formed.
114
Is dissolving salt in water a physical or chemical change?
Dissolving salt in water is a physical change.
115
Is the reaction of hydrochloric acid with magnesium a physical or chemical change?
The reaction of hydrochloric acid with magnesium to produce hydrogen gas is a chemical change.
116
Is cutting a piece of copper in half a physical or chemical change?
Cutting a piece of copper in half is a physical change.
117
Is grinding a sugar cube a physical or chemical change?
Grinding a sugar cube is a physical change.
118
Is heating water to produce steam a physical or chemical change?
Heating water and changing it to steam is a physical change.
119
Is iron rusting a physical or chemical change?
Iron rusting is a chemical change.
120
Is ethyl alcohol evaporating a physical or chemical change?
Ethyl alcohol evaporating is a physical change.
121
Is ice melting a physical or chemical change?
Ice melting is a physical change.
122
Is milk souring a physical or chemical change?
Milk souring (going bad) is a chemical change.
123
Is dissolving sugar in water a physical or chemical change?
Dissolving sugar in water is a physical change.
124
What are neutralization reactions?
Neutralization reactions occur when an acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt.
