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chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the composition of air in terms of its gaseous components.

A

Air is composed of 78.1% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.9% Argon, and 0.04% Carbon Dioxide.

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2
Q

How do Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium react with water?

A

All three metals produce metal hydroxide solutions when reacting with water, turning litmus blue. Sodium melts into a ball and effervesces, Lithium is less vigorous and does not melt into a ball, while Potassium produces a lilac flame and is more vigorous.

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3
Q

How does Ammonia differ from Ammonium in terms of properties?

A

Ammonia (NH3) is a pungent, harmful gas at room temperature, while Ammonium (NH4) is odourless and not ionized.

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4
Q

What happens to red litmus paper when exposed to Ammonia?

A

Red litmus paper turns blue when exposed to Ammonia.

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5
Q

How can you test for the presence of Carbonates in a sample?

A

Add hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the sample; if carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced, the sample contains carbonates.

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6
Q

What is the procedure for testing for Sulphates?

A

First, add dilute HCl to remove carbonate or sulphite ions, then add BaCl2; a white precipitate indicates the presence of sulphates.

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7
Q

How does Copper (II) sulphate indicate the presence of water?

A

Copper (II) sulphate changes from white to blue in the presence of water.

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8
Q

What color does phenolphthalein turn in acidic and basic solutions?

A

Phenolphthalein is colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions.

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9
Q

Describe the electrolysis process in solutions regarding cations and anions.

A

In electrolysis, cations are positive and are reduced at the cathode (negative), while anions are negative and are oxidized at the anode.

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10
Q

What is the reactivity series of metals starting from Potassium?

A

The reactivity series is: Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Carbon, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Hydrogen, Copper, Silver, Gold, Platinum.

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11
Q

How are metals above carbon in the reactivity series extracted?

A

Metals above carbon must be extracted using electrolysis, which is costly due to the heat and electricity required.

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12
Q

Describe the extraction process for metals below carbon and above silver.

A

These metals need to be extracted using carbon, which displaces the metal and creates CO2, contributing to global warming. This method is relatively cheap.

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13
Q

Define native metals and their extraction process.

A

Native metals, such as silver and those below it in the reactivity series, are so unreactive that they are found in their native state and do not require extraction.

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14
Q

How is the biuret prepared for a titration?

A

Fill the biuret with a base of known concentration, such as sodium hydroxide, above the 0 mark, then release some solution until the meniscus curve is at 0.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of phenolphthalein in a titration?

A

Phenolphthalein is added to the acid to indicate the endpoint of the titration by changing color when the solution becomes neutral.

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16
Q

Explain the process of conducting a rough titration.

A

In a rough titration, allow the acid to fall into the flask until the solution turns pink, then use this result to repeat the method dropwise for more accurate results.

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17
Q

What are the solubility rules for common salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium?

A

Common salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium are soluble.

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18
Q

Identify the exceptions to the solubility of common chlorides.

A

Common chlorides are soluble except for silver and lead chloride.

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19
Q

What happens to the concentration of H+ ions when an acid solution is diluted with water?

A

The concentration of H+ ions decreases, and the pH slowly approaches 7.

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20
Q

How do alkalis behave when diluted with water?

A

When an alkali solution is diluted with water, the concentration of OH- ions decreases.

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21
Q

Define an acid and provide examples.

A

An acid is a proton donor that produces H+ ions in water. Common acids include ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

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22
Q

What distinguishes alkalis from other bases?

A

Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water, while not all bases are alkalis.

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22
Q

What is the general reaction of a metal carbonate with an acid?

A

The reaction of a metal carbonate with an acid produces a salt, water, and carbon dioxide (CO2).

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22
Q

Describe the outcome of a neutralization reaction.

A

During a neutralization reaction, hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) pair up to produce water.

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23
What are halogenoalkanes and their uses?
Halogenoalkanes are compounds formed from alkanes and halogens, used as refrigerants and solvents.
24
Explain the substitution reaction involving alkanes.
In a substitution reaction, one atom is swapped with another, occurring in alkanes with halogens under ultraviolet radiation, such as methane reacting with bromine to form bromomethane and hydrogen bromide.
25
Describe the process of addition in alkenes.
Addition in alkenes occurs when the double bond is broken to add another molecule, resulting in different products depending on the reactants.
26
Define the term 'empirical formula'.
An empirical formula is the lowest whole number ratio that represents the formula of a compound.
27
How does hydrogen addition affect an alkene?
When hydrogen is added to an alkene in the presence of a catalyst, the alkene is converted into an alkane.
28
What is the result of adding water to an alkene?
Adding water to an alkene, under high temperatures and with a catalyst, opens the bond and forms an alcohol.
29
What is a molecular formula?
A molecular formula indicates the actual number of atoms of each element present in a compound.
30
Explain the combustion of hydrocarbons.
Combustion of hydrocarbons is an exothermic reaction that produces energy, carbon dioxide, and water, and can also produce carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen oxides.
31
List some common ions and their charges.
Common ions include Ag+ (Silver), Cu2+ (Copper), Fe2+ (Iron II), Fe3+ (Iron III), Pb2+ (Lead II), Zn2+ (Zinc), NH4+ (Ammonium), CO3 2- (Carbonate), NO3 - (Nitrate), SO4 2- (Sulfate).
32
Describe the structural formula of a compound.
A structural formula is a graphic representation that shows the arrangement of atoms and the bonds between them in a compound.
33
What is a homologous series?
A homologous series is a group of similar compounds that share similar chemical properties.
33
Define a functional group in chemistry.
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that determines the chemical properties of a compound.
34
How is percentage yield calculated?
Percentage yield is calculated using the formula: (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100.
35
Explain the process of fractional distillation.
Fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons based on boiling points by heating crude oil and allowing different substances to condense at various levels in a cooling cylinder.
36
What are the characteristics of refinery gases?
Refinery gases are the least viscous, have the shortest chain length, ignite easily, have a low boiling point, and produce a clean flame.
37
Identify the uses of kerosene.
Kerosene is commonly used as fuel for planes.
38
What is the significance of the boiling point in fractional distillation?
In fractional distillation, hydrocarbons with longer chain lengths have higher boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces, affecting their separation.
39
What happens to larger hydrocarbons during fractional distillation?
Larger hydrocarbons remain lower in the distillation column because they have higher boiling points and condense at lower levels.
39
Describe the method for determining the percentage by volume of oxygen using iron filings.
To determine the percentage by volume of oxygen, place wet iron filings in a burette, seal it with Vaseline, record the initial water height, leave for weeks, and then measure the final height to calculate the change.
40
What is the role of a catalyst in the addition of hydrogen to alkenes?
A catalyst is required to facilitate the addition of hydrogen to alkenes, allowing the reaction to occur more efficiently.
41
How does the boiling point affect the separation of hydrocarbons in crude oil?
The boiling point affects the separation of hydrocarbons in crude oil, as longer chains have higher boiling points and condense at lower levels in the distillation process.
42
Describe how to calculate the percentage by volume of oxygen in air.
Divide the change in the burette reading by the original volume of air in the burette and multiply by 100.
43
Define a catalyst.
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of reaction without being chemically changed itself.
44
How does a catalyst work to increase the rate of a reaction?
It provides an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy.
45
Explain the effect of surface area on the rate of reactions.
An increased surface area allows for more available surfaces for successful and more frequent collisions.
46
What is the relationship between concentration and the rate of reaction?
A higher concentration means more particles in the same area, which increases the frequency of successful collisions.
47
How does pressure affect the rate of reaction for gases?
A smaller area with the same number of particles increases the frequency of successful collisions.
48
Describe the impact of temperature on the rate of reaction.
Higher temperature provides more kinetic energy, leading to more collisions with the container and other particles.
49
What are the environmental effects of nitrogen oxides produced in car engines?
They can react to form nitric acid, contributing to acid rain, which increases the pH of lakes and can corrode limestone buildings/statues.
50
Define acid rain and its formation process.
Acid rain is formed from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reacting with water to produce sulfuric and nitric acids, which evaporate into clouds.
51
Explain the process of catalytic cracking.
Catalytic cracking involves vaporizing long-chain hydrocarbons and passing them over hot powdered aluminum as a catalyst, splitting them into smaller hydrocarbons.
52
What is steam cracking and how does it work?
Steam cracking involves vaporizing long-chain hydrocarbons, mixing them with steam, and heating to a high temperature to split them into shorter chain lengths.
52
Differentiate between alkanes and alkenes.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds, while alkenes are unsaturated with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
53
How do alkenes react with bromine?
Alkenes react with bromine to turn the solution from orange to colorless, indicating their higher reactivity compared to alkanes.
54
What is the significance of cracking in organic chemistry?
Cracking produces shorter hydrocarbons, which are more flammable and make better fuels, and generates alkenes used to produce polymers.
55
Describe the formation of sulfur dioxide from hydrocarbon fuels.
The combustion of sulfur impurities in hydrocarbon fuels like petrol and diesel results in the formation of sulfur dioxide.
56
Describe the process of addition polymerization.
Addition polymerization involves the breaking of double bonds in alkenes under pressure and in the presence of a catalyst, allowing multiple alkenes to bond together to form a polymer.
57
Define a polymer and its relation to alkenes.
A polymer is a large molecule formed by the repeated addition of monomers, specifically alkenes, which can undergo addition polymerization.
58
How are polymers named based on their monomers?
Polymers are named by placing 'poly' in front of the monomer's name, with the monomer's name in brackets, such as poly(ethene).
59
What is the significance of the double bond in alkenes during polymerization?
The double bond in alkenes is significant because it can break, allowing the alkenes to bond together and form a polymer.
60
Explain the naming convention for organic compounds based on carbon chain length.
The naming convention for organic compounds uses prefixes: Meth- for 1 carbon, Eth- for 2, Prop- for 3, But- for 4, Pen- for 5, Hex- for 6, Hept- for 7, Oct- for 8, Non- for 9, and Dec- for 10.
61
What is a methyl group in organic chemistry?
A methyl group is a branch off a carbon that joins to another carbon, indicated by the number of methyl groups followed by 'methyl' in the compound's name.
62
Describe isomers in chemistry.
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
63
What is the functional group of alcohols?
The functional group of alcohols is -OH (hydroxyl group).
64
How does chain length affect the miscibility of alcohols in water?
Alcohols are miscible in water due to their -OH group forming strong intermolecular forces, but their miscibility decreases as the chain length increases.
65
Explain the fermentation process for producing ethanol.
Fermentation involves converting glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide using yeast enzymes as catalysts, occurring anaerobically at around 30 degrees Celsius.
66
What are the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation for ethanol production?
Advantages of fermentation include being renewable, requiring little energy, and being a batch process. Disadvantages include producing impure ethanol (less than 15%) and being slow.
67
Describe the hydration of ethene as a method for producing ethanol.
Hydration of ethene involves reacting ethene with steam to produce ethanol, requiring crude oil and phosphoric acid as a catalyst, at 300 degrees Celsius and 60-70 atm.
68
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the hydration of ethene for ethanol production?
Advantages include producing pure ethanol quickly and in a continuous flow, while disadvantages involve high energy requirements and being non-renewable.
69
what forms a base oxide?
a metal and hydrogen

Chemistry (8 decks)

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