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Chemistry and Physics > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

The centre of something (isn’t just of the atom but mainly is)

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2
Q

Nuclear

A

Related to the nucleus

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3
Q

Subatomic

A

Literally means ‘below atomic’ which means smaller than an atom

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4
Q

Particle

A

A tiny portion of matter

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5
Q

Proton

A

A positively charged subatomic particle

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6
Q

Neutron

A

A subatomic particle with no (or neutral) charge

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7
Q

Electron

A

A negatively charged subatomic particle

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8
Q

Bohr Model

A

Most commonly used representation of the atom named after Neil Bohr

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9
Q

Why is the Bohr model not quite used by modern scientists?

A

The Bohr model is not exactly correct as it is oversimplified

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10
Q

Characteristics of Protons

A

Positive charge
Approx same size as a neutron
Attracted to electrons
In the nucleus of an atom

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11
Q

Characteristics of Neutrons

A

No charge
Approx same size as a proton
In nucleus of an atom

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12
Q

What are rows and columns called on the PT?

A

Periods (rows) and Groups (columns)

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13
Q

What is a Lewis dot diagram?

A

A diagram where the element’s atomic symbol is in the middle and it has dots around it showing its valence electrons

The dots can go on the top, bottom, right or left

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14
Q

What sequence/method is best to be used for Lewis dot diagrams?

A

The Top, Bottom, Left, Right order is the most accurate order

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15
Q

Isotope

A

Variations of the same elements which differ based on mass

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16
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The mass of any particular atom

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17
Q

Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)

A

The average mass of a sample of atoms

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18
Q

Abundance

A

The quantity of something present in a sample

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19
Q

Isotopic Mass

A

The mass of a particular Isotope

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20
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The number of protons and the number of neutrons

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21
Q

3 hydrogen isotopes

A

Protium (1/1H), Deuterium (2/1H), Tritium

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22
Q

Amu

A

Atomic Mass Unit (not for RAM)

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23
Q

Equation to find the percentage ‘composition’ (abundance)

A

(IM2 - RAM) / (IM2 - IM1)

x 100

IM2 is the mass of the heavier Isotope and IM1 is the mass of the lighter Isotope. RAM is normally given through the periodic table or in the question

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24
Q

What does abundance tell us?

A

The percent of atoms with that specific mass found on Earth or in that specific location

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25
How can RAM be calculated?
The average of all the Isotopic masses
26
What are the things that happen in chemical reactions? (List them)
Colour change Catalyst is formed Liquid, gas or solid forms (precipitate) Light and heat is released Entropy
27
What is entropy?
The movement of atoms e.g Solid to liquid, atoms get more freedom
28
How does an unstable atom turn into a more stable one?
Radioactive decay
29
When atoms are made, what are the two forces that work in the nucleus?
Electrostatic Repulsion Force Strong Force (attraction)
30
Electrostatic Repulsion Force
When things with the same electrical charge repel away from each other Electrons and Protons do this
31
Strong Force (attraction)
It is between protons and neutrons, neutrons and neutrons, protons and protons It is the force that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus
32
Nuclear stability diagram (how to read it)
The y-axis is the no. of neutrons The x-axis is the no. of protons It shows the zig-zig structure with another zig-zag line in the middle of the structure. The line shows a stable atom and the rest of the structure states that the atom is radioactive There is also another line which is straight and is the one that you refer to when you use the diagram. Essentially you get an atom (eg. oxygen with 8 protons) and you go to the x axis and find in this example, 8. You then go up until it matches with the straight line and if that point is in the structure, then it is radioactive but if it is in the zig-zag line then it is stable. The diagram can also show types of decay which will be given as labelled
33
The 4 ways that Isotopes can become more stable
Alpha Decay Beta Decay Gamma radiation Background radiation
34
Alpha decay
Releases 2 protons and 2 neutrons which makes the atom smaller essentially and more stable and it means that the mass number decreases by 4 and the atomic number by 2
35
Alpha decay characteristics
40% the speed of light Stopped by 1 sheet of paper No penetration through humans ONLY HAVE POSITIVE CHARGE
36
Alpha decay symbol
α (Greek a)
37
Beta decay
Beta negative and beta positive
38
Beta Negative
A neutron becomes a proton and an electron is released (β-) which means that the atomic number increases and the mass number stayed the same
39
Beta decay symbols
β- (beta Negative) β+(beta Positive)
40
Beta Positive
A proton becomes a neutron and a positron is released (β+)
41
Beta Decay characteristics
Medium penetration through humans Faster than Alpha decay HAVE A POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGE
42
Background radiation
There is a small amount of radiation around us all the time because of radioactive materials in the environment and this is the background radiation
43
Gamma radiation
When an atom releases a lot of energy in the form of gamma rays to achieve stability
44
Gamma radiation symbol
Y
45
Gamma radiation characteristics
Full penetration through the human body Fastest form of stability (faster than alpha and beta decay) NO CHARGE
46
Rank the types of stability methods from most charge to least charge
Alpha decay, Beta decay, Gamma radiation
47
A radiation detector can detect radiation but not what type. What are 3 ways that the type of radiation can be determined?
By its penetration through the human body Its charge Its speed
48
How does the charge of radiation affect the penetration of that radiation?
Alpha has a positive charge and beta radiation has either a positive or negative charge which means that their penetration is way less. Positive charge shows the least amount of penetration and the reason that beta radiation can penetrate more is because it can have a negative charge. Gamma radiation has no charge which means that it can penetrate through objects and humans way easier
49
What is the ranking of all types of radiation in terms of fastest to slowest?
Gamma radiation, Beta decay, Alpha
50
Ground radiation
After alpha or beta decay, the nucleus can be left with too much energy. This energy is released as light
51
Ionisation/ionising radiation
Ionisation is the process where radiation changes atoms into ions by making their electrons jump out of orbit (lose an electron) and the atom becomes positively charged
52
Direct ionisation
Uses beta and alpha radiation as the charged particles move near electrons which can create a force large enough to move the electrons out of its orbit
53
Indirect ionisation
Applies excess/extra force and energy into an electron which makes the electron jump out of orbit and it does this by using gamma radiation
54
Half life
Time it takes for half of the unstable atom/unstable radioactive isotope/material (use material if asked for a definition in a test or exam) to decay
55
What Isotope is used in carbon dating?
Carbon 14 as all living organisms take in carbon 14 and it is radioactive
56
Is carbon 14 radioactive?
Yes
57
Are radioactive elements unstable?
Yes
58
The half-life of each element is constant. True or False?
True
59
Symbol for half-life
T 1/2
60
Amount of Half lives equation
T / T1/2 They give these values in the test T = Total time elapsed T1/2 = half life value
61
Equation to find out the end mass?
Mass end = Mass start x 1/2 ^ (# half lives)
62
How to find the half life using a graph?
Find a value on the y - axis to start with (for example, 4) and match it with the line on the graph. Then match that point down to the x-axis to find the x-axis value at 4 (eg 3). Then find half of the y-axis value you chose (eg 2) and match that y axis value with the line on the graph and that point down to the x-axis (eg 5.2). Then do the second x axis value minus the first one (eg 5.2 - 3 = 2.2) That is your half life value using the graph
63
Carbon 14 half life
5730 years
64
How old of objects can carbon 14 be used find the age of?
60,000 year old objects
65
Alpha decay applied onto an element working out
228/88 Ra ↦ 4/2 He + 224/86 Rn Loses 4 mass and 2 protons (atomic number) but you must show the He 4/2 with the arrow and the plus sign It changes to Rn as the atomic number changes to 86 which shows the element Rn on the periodic table, before it was 88 so it was Ra
66
Beta negative applied onto an element working out
214/82 Pb ↦ 0/-1 e + 214/83 Bi Gains a proton (atomic number) and the mass stays the same but you must include the e in the middle It changes to Bi as that is the element which matches the new 83 atomic number but before it was 82 so the symbol was Pb as that is what it matches with on the periodic table
67
Beta positive applied onto an element working out
23/11 Mg ↦ 0/1 B + 23/11 Na
68
Out of all of the radiation types, rank them in terms of most damage to least damage
Alpha particles, Beta particles, Gamma particles Alpha particles has the most damage as it has the most mass and gamma has the least damage yet it does damage to the whole body as it can fully penetrate Beta particles are in the middle of the two
69
Radiation definition
Energy that travels in space

Chemistry and Physics (2 decks)

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