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CHEMISTRY 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What refers to the electrostatic attraction that holds together the oppositely charged ions, the cations, and anions, in the solid compound?

A

Ionic bond

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2
Q

What is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction formed when a hydrogen atom bonded to highly electronegative atom is attracted to the lone pair of a nearby electronegative atom?

A

Hydrogen bond

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3
Q

What is the mixing of gases due to molecular motion called?

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

For the representative elements, the number of valence electrons is the same as the _________________.

A

The rightmost digit of the group number of the element

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5
Q

What states that atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons?

A

Octet Rule

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6
Q

What refers to the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by an increase in pressure

A

Critical temperature

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7
Q

When the solution contains more solute particles than the solvent can normally hold, the solution is ___________.

A

supersaturated

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8
Q

When the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in the given solvent at a stated temperature, this solution formed is _______________.

A

saturated

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9
Q

Water has bigger density when it is in what state?

A

Liquid

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10
Q

When the solvent of the solution is water, it is a/an _____________ solution.

A

aqueous

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11
Q

How does pressure affect the solubility in liquids or of liquids in another liquid?

A

It slightly affects solubility.

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12
Q

What is the sum of the masses of the atoms in the molecule of the substance called?

A

Molecular mass

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13
Q

A covalent bond is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. This idea is the basic idea of which theory?

A

Valence bond theory

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14
Q

The density of water is the largest at what temperature

A

4 degrees Celsius

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15
Q

What are the main energy levels where the valence electrons belong called?

A

Valence Shells

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16
Q

The dry air is composed of how many percent oxygen?

A

20.9%

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17
Q

What element has a very high melting point and ideal for filaments of light bulbs?

A

Tungsten

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18
Q

The fifth state of matter, the BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate) was first created in what year?

A

1995

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19
Q

The three types of intermolecular forces exist in neutral molecules are collectively known as van der Waals forces. This is named after _____________.

A

Diderick van der Waals

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20
Q

Bronze is solid solution of copper and tin. Which of the following is true?

A

Copper is the solvent.

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21
Q

The solubility of a substance in another substance is affected by the following factors except ____________.

A

Volume

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22
Q

How will an increase in temperature in solids affect the solubility?

A

It will cause an increase in solubility

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23
Q

What indicates the number of valence electrons to the atom represented by dots scattered on four sides of the atomic symbol?

A

Electron dot structure or Lewis structure

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24
Q

What is the process of changing from solid state to gas state?

A

Sublimation

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25
Aside from liquid, gas and solid, there are two other states of matter.
Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate
26
The dry air is composed of how many percent nitrogen?
78.1%
27
What refers to the amount of heat required by one mole of a substance to change from gas to liquid?
Molar heat of condensation
28
What is the most common solvent in medicines
Ethanol
29
What happens to the atomic size of the elements in a group when you go from top to bottom of the group?
It increases
30
The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. Who discovered this?
Thomas Graham
31
What is the process of changing from solid state to liquid state
Melting
32
What refers to the passage of molecules of a gas from one container to another through a tiny opening between the containers?
Effusion
33
What is considered as one of the pollutants responsible for smog and acid rain?
Nitrogen dioxide
34
How will an increase in temperature of gases dissolving in liquids affect the solubility?
It will cause a decrease in solubility.
35
What is the term generally used to describe the combination of solute molecules or ions with solvent molecules?
Solvation
36
Liquids that do not mix are said to be
immiscible
37
What is made of gas atoms that have been cooled to near absolute zero at which temperature the atoms slow down, combine and forms a single entity known called a superatom?
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
38
Nonpolar covalent bond occurs if the difference in electronegativity ranges from:
0.50 to 1.90
39
What element is used in advertising signs?
Neon
40
The overall shape of a molecule is described by which two properties?
Bond distance and bond angle
41
What is the second most abundant element in the atmosphere?
Oxygen
42
What is the process of changing from liquid state to gas state?
Vaporization
43
The elements of groups IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, VIIIA are called main group elements or
Representatives
44
What is the component of a solution that is dissolved?
Solute
45
When the solution contains less solute particles than the maximum amount the solvent can dissolve at that temperature, the solution is _____________.
Unsaturated
46
Metals can be drawn into wires. This illustrates what property of metals?
Ductility
47
What is the only gas in Group VIA in the periodic table?
Oxygen
48
What is a high-energy, electrically charged gas produced by heating the gas until the electrons in the outer orbitals of the atoms separate, leaving the atoms with a positive charge?
Plasma
49
What is the component of the solution in which the solute is dissolved?
Solvent
50
What is the unit of molar mass?
grams per mole
51
What principle states that the electrons fill the orbitals, one at a time, starting with the lowest orbital then proceeding to the one with higher energy?
Aufbau Principle
52
Solutions composed of two or more metals are called ________________.
Alloys
53
The ionization energy is ______________ to the atomic size of atom.
inversely proportional
54
What is a homogenous mixture made of particles that exist as individual molecules or ions?
Solution
55
Liquid that vaporizes easily are called
Volatile
56
Which one is the Avogadro's number?
6.02 Ā 10^23
57
What refers to the amount of heat absorbed by one mole of a substance to change from solid to liquid?
Molar heat of fusion
58
What principle states about the fundamental limitation that, for a particle as small as the electron, one cannot know exactly where it is and at the same time know its energy or how it is moving?
Uncertainty Principle
59
What is a poisonous gas generated mostly by motor vehicles?
Carbon monoxide
60
"The best arrangement of a given number of shared and unshared electrons is the one that minimizes the repulsion among them." This is known as __________________.
Valence-Shell electron-pair repulsion theory
61
A dipole has how many electrically charged pole(s)?
2
62
What is the process of changing from gas state to solid state?
Deposition
63
What law states that the rate of effusion of gas, which is the amount of gas that through the hole in a given amount of time, is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass?
Graham's law of effusion
64
Compounds containing hydrogen and other element are known as _______________.
Hydrides
65
Water and alcohol are both liquids that can be mixed in any proportion. They are said to be _____________.
miscible
66
How will an increase in temperature of gases dissolving in liquids affect the solubility?
It will cause a decrease in solubility
67
What refers to the amount of heat released by one mole of a substance when it changes from liquid to solid?
Molar heat of solidification
68
The solubility of a gas in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solution. This is known as
Henry's law
69
How does pressure affects the solubility of gases in liquids?
It increases solubility.
70
What refers to the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons?
Electronegativity
71
What refers to the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12
Avogadro's number
72
What is defined as the amount of substance that contains 6.02 Ā 10^23 particles of that substance?
Mole
73
What is the term used to describe the maximum amount of solute that a given solvent can dissolve to give a stable solution at a given temperature?
Solubility
74
What is an angle made by the lines joining the nuclei of the atoms in the molecule?
Bond angle
75
What is the temperature of water in solid state at 1 atm?
0 degrees Celsius
76
All are basic types of van der Waals forces except one. Which one?
Heat bonding
77
What refers to the mass in grams of one mole of a substance?
Molar mass
78
How will an increase in temperature in solids affect solubility?
It will cause an increase in solubility
79
What is the most common solution on earth?
Seawater
80
Who first predicted the Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) in 1924?
Albert Einstein
81
What describes how the electrons are distributed among the orbitals?
Electron Configuration of an Atom
82
The ____________ of the atom describes the atom as having a nucleus at the center around which electrons move?
Quantum Mechanical Model
83
Who coined the term "plasma" in 1928?
Irving Langmuir
84
For transition elements, the number of valence electron is the same as
the group number
85
The process of gaining or losing an electron results to the formation of a charged atom or molecule called ______________.
ion
86
How much carbon dioxide is present in dry air?
0.03%
87
What is the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms called?
Bond Length
88
The size of the atom is dependent on which of the following:
The region of space occupied by its electrons
89
What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere?
Nitrogen
90
What refers to the forces of attraction that exist between molecules in a compound?
intermolecular forces
91
What is the process of changing from gas state to liquid state?
Condensation
92
What is the process of changing from liquid state to solid state?
Freezing
93
Steel is the widely used construction material because of its high tensile strength. It is a combination of what element?
Iron and carbon
94
What is formed by sharing of electrons between atom?
Covalent bond
95
What refers to the measure of the atom's tendency to attract an additional electron?
Electron affinity
96
What type of bond occurs when the difference in the electronegativity is greater than or equal to 2?
Ionic
97
Who discovered the uncertainty principle?
Werner Karl Heisenberg
98
Who first identified plasma in 1879?
William Crookes
99
When can we say that a molecule is polar?
When the centers of positive and negative charge do not coincide
100
The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of each of the gases in the mixture. This statement is known as _________.
Dalton's law of partial pressure
101
What principle states that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers?
Pauli Exclusion Principle
102
What refers to the amount of heat required by one mole of a substance to change from liquid to gas?
Molar heat of vaporization

CHEMISTRY (RCARDS) (3 decks)

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