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Biology, Chemistry and Physics > Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry 2 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Which one is the Mass number and what does it tell you?

A

The top one and the total number of protons and neutrons.

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2
Q

Which one is the Atomic Number and what does it tell you?

A

The bottom one and how many protons are in that atom.

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3
Q

How do you find out the number of Neutrons in an atom?

A

Take the atomic number away from the mass number.

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more different atoms are chemically bonded together.

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5
Q

What is an Isotope?

A

Different atomic forms of the same element which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. (They have different mass numbers.)

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6
Q

Is Ionic bonding about transferring or sharing electrons?

A

Transferring electrons.

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7
Q

What does Ionic bonding form?

A

Ions which are charged particles (strongly attracted to each other due to their opposite charges.)

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8
Q

What structure do Ionic compounds have?

A

A regular lattice structure, closely packed together with very strong bonds.

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9
Q

What properties do Ionic compounds have?

A

High melting and boiling points due to the strong attraction between the ions, when melted they carry electric current and easily dissolve in water and carry electric current when they are.

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10
Q

What are atoms that have lost or gained electrons and what structure do they have?

A

Ions and have an electronic structure of a noble gas.

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11
Q

What happens in Covalent bonding?

A

Atoms share electrons with each other.

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12
Q

When drawing Ionic bonding diagrams, what does it consist of?

A

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

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13
Q

When drawing Covalent bonding diagrams, what does it consist of?

A

ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

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14
Q

What is a double Covalent bond?

A

Where 2 pairs of electrons are shared between the atoms

O = O

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15
Q

Why do Simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?

A

The forces of attraction between the molecules are weak. The molecules are easily parted from each other. The intermolecular forces get broken when put to a high temperature.

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16
Q

Why don’t Simple Molecular substances conduct electricity?

A

There are no ions inside them so there is no electrical charge.

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17
Q

What are Giant Covalent Structures called?

A

Macromolecules.

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18
Q

How are the atoms in Macromolecules bonded and what does it lead to?

A

The atoms are bonded by strong Covalent bonds which means they have high melting and boiling points.

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19
Q

What Covalent structure does Diamond have?

A

Made up of carbon atoms with each one forming 4 bonds. It has a very large, rigid structure. This makes diamond the hardest natural substance.

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20
Q

What Covalent structure does Silicon dioxide have?

A

It is what sand is made of and each grain of sand is one giant structure of silicon and oxygen.

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21
Q

What Covalent structure does Graphite have?

A

Each carbon atom forms 3 Covalent bonds. This creates layers which are free to slide over each other. Graphite is soft and slippery and as the layers are held so loosely together they can be rubbed off onto paper (pencil!)

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22
Q

What is special about Graphite?

A

It is the only non-metal to conduct electricity and heat. This is because each carbon atom has one delocalised (free) electron which are free to move so conduct heat and electricity.

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23
Q

What is the proper name for free electrons?

A

Delocalised.

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24
Q

Why are Metals good conductors of heat and electricity?

A

The delocalised electrons are free to move so heat and electricity can pass through easily.

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25
Why are Alloys stronger than Pure Metals?
When 2 metals are mixed together they have different sized atoms which distort the layers so they can't slide over each other. This makes them harder.
26
What is Nitinol and how does it work?
It's a 'smart' metal alloy made up of nickel and titanium. When it's cool you can bend it but bend it too far and it stays. But if you heat it, it returns to its original shape.
27
What are the main uses of Nitinol?
Glasses frames and Braces as the mouth is warm so it tries to return to its remembered shape and pulls the teeth with it.
28
What does a Nanoparticle contain?
Fullerenes which are molecules of carbon shaped like hollow balls or closed tubes. All the covalent bonds make the nanotubes very strong.
29
What are the 8 new uses of nanoparticles?
``` 1 - Industrial catalysts as they have a large surface area to volume ratio 2 - Sensors 3 - Stronger and lighter building materials 4 - Sun lotion 5 - Deodorant 6 - Nanomedicine 7 - Lubricant coatings 8 - Electric circuits. ```
30
What are the properties of Thermosoftening polymers?
Individual tangled chains which are free to slide over each other. Weak intermolecular forces. Low melting points so you can remould it many times.
31
What are the properties of Thermosetting polymers?
Strong intermolecular forces between the polymers chains called crosslinks which hold them together. They don't soften when heated and are strong, hard and rigid.
32
What affects the properties of a polymer?
The starting materials and reaction conditions.
33
How do you make Low Density polythene?
Made by heating ethene to 200C under high pressure. It's flexible and used for bags and bottles.
34
How do you make High Density polythene?
Made at a lower temperature and pressure with a catalyst. It's more rigid and used for water tanks and drain pipes.
35
How do you work out the Relative Atomic mass of an element?
Mass/Atomic number
36
How do you work out the Relative Formula mass of an element?
Add up all the Relative atomic masses.
37
What is a Mole?
The Relative Formula mass of a substance in grams.
38
How can Artificial colours be seperated?
Chromotography.
39
How does Chromotography work?
Extract the colour from a food sample into a cup and add a solvent. Put spots of the solution onto pencil baseline filter paper. Roll up the sheet and put it in a beaker with a solvent but keep the baseline above the solvent.
40
What should you see if one dye is a mixture of colours?
Different colour dyes which form spots in different places.
41
What are the advantages of using machines for Chromotography?
They're very sensitive, very fast and very accurate.
42
How does Gas Chromotography work?
A gas is entered into a column packed with solid material. The substances travel at different speeds so they're seperated. They reach the detector and get a reaction time.
43
What is a Moderate speed reaction?
A metal reacting with an acid to produce a gentle stream of bubbles.
44
What 4 things does the Rate of Reaction depend on?
1 - Temperature 2 - Catalyst 3 - Concentration 4 - Surface area
45
How do you work out the Rate of reaction?
Amount of reactant used or amount of product formed divided by time.
46
What is Precipitation?
When the product of a reaction is a precipitate (substance) and clouds the solution.
47
How do you measure the Rate of Reaction by Precipitation?
Put a mark on the beaker and measure how long it takes for the solution to go cloudy enough for the mark to disappear.
48
Why is the Precipitation method not 100% accurate?
Different people might not agree over the exact point when the mark disappears.
49
How do you measure the Rate of reaction by a change in mass?
Put a solution on a balance. As the gas is released, the mass disappearing is easily measured on the balance.
50
Why is this the best method?
You get a very accurate result as the balance is accurate.
51
How do you measure the Rate of Reaction by measuring the volume of gas given off?
Put a gas syringe coming out of the beaker and measure how long it takes to get to a certain volume.
52
What is the disadvantage of using a Gas Syringe?
If the reaction is too vigorous, the plunger can be blown off the syringe.
53
Can you explain the reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Marble chips?
You put dilute HCl into a beaker. Add marble chips and quickly put a gas syringe on the top to measure how long it takes for 100ml of gas to form.
54
What would work faster - large marble chips or powdered marble and why?
Powdered chalk because they have a larger surface area which causes more frequent collisions.
55
Can you explain the reaction with Hydrochloric acid and Magnesium?
Put dilute HCl into a beaker and put on a balance. Add the magnesium and measure how long it takes to drop. Hydrogen gas is formed.
56
How can you increase the rate of this reaction?
Increase the concentration of the Hydrochloric acid.
57
Can you explain the reaction of Sodium Thiosulphate and HCl?
They are both clear solutions but firstly mark an X on the beaker. Put the HCl in then add the Sodium Thiosulphate and time how long it takes for the mark to disappear as the solution goes cloudy.
58
How can you increase this rate of reaction?
Increase the temperature.
59
Can you explain the decomposition reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide?
The experiment depends on catalysts and you put Hydrogen Peroxide in a beaker and measure how long it takes for 100ml Oxygen to be produced.
60
What is the Collision theory?
The rate of reaction for an experiment depends on how often and how hard the reacting particles depend on each other.
61
What 4 things increase the rate of a reaction?
1 - Temperature 2 - Higher Concentration 3 - Larger Surface area 4 - Catalysts.
62
Why does increasing the temperature increase collisions?
The particles have more energy so move quicker, this makes them collide more often.
63
Why does increasing the concentration increase collisions?
There are more particles of reactant knocking about between the water molecules which makes the collisions between the important particles more likely.
64
How does increasing the pressure increase collisions?
The gas particles are more squashed together so there will be more frequent collisions.
65
How does increasing the surface area increase collisions?
If you break a solid into small pieces there will be a larger surface area. This means the particles in the solution will have more area to work on so there will be more frequent collisions.
66
What is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy needed by the particles to react.
67
How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
A solid catalyst works by giving the reactant particles a surface to stick to which increases the amount of successful collisions.
68
How do Catalysts reduce the cost in Industrial reactions?
It speeds up the reaction so the plant doesn't need to operate for so long which saves money. It allows the reaction to work at a lower temp which saves energy too which is good for sustainable development. They can also be used many times.
69
What are the disadvantages to using Catalysts?
They're very expensive to buy, they need to be removed and cleaned from the product, you need different catalysts for different products and can be easily poisoned by impurities.
70
What is an Exothermic reaction?
A reaction where energy is transferred into the surroundings usually in the form of heat.
71
What types of reaction are Exothermic?
1 - Combustion 2 - Neutralisation 3 - Oxidation.
72
What is an Endothermic reaction?
A reaction where energy is taken in from the surroundings usually in the form of heat.
73
What is a type of Endothermic reaction?
Thermal decomposition.
74
What type of reactions are reversible reactions?
Exothermic and Endothermic.
75
What does the pH scale go from and to?
0-14.
76
What is an Indicator?
A dye that changes colour depending whether it's above or below a certain pH.
77
What is a Universal Indicator?
A combination of dyes that give all the colours of the pH scale depending on the pH of something.
78
What ions do acids form in water?
H+ ions.
79
What is a base?
A substance with a pH greater than 7.
80
What is an Alkali?
A base that dissolves in water.
81
What ions do Alkalis form in water?
OH- ions.
82
What is the reaction between acids and bases called?
Neutralisation.
83
What do Neutralisation reactions produce?
Water and are always neutral.
84
What does Aqueous mean?
Dissolved in water.
85
What is the equation when metals react with salts?
Acid + Metal = Salt + Hydrogen.
86
Why does Copper not react with Acids?
It's less reactive than Hydrogen.
87
What type of Salts are produced for Hydrochloric acid?
Chloride salts.
88
What type of Salts are produced for Sulphuric acid?
Sulphate salts.
89
What salts does Nitric acid produce?
When neutralised, they produce Nitrate salts but it's not often the case.
90
What is the equation for Metal oxides?
Acid + Metal Oxide = Salt + Water
91
What is the equation for Metal Hydroxides?
Acid + Metal Hydroxide = Salt + Water
92
When Ammonia dissolves in water, what can it make?
An akaline solution.
93
What is the equation which forms Ammonium nitrate?
Amonia + Nitric acid = Ammonium nitrate.
94
Why is Ammonium Nitrate a good fertiliser?
It has Nitrogen from the ammonia and the nitric acid and plants use nitrogen to make proteins.
95
What type of bases are soluble?
Chlorides, Sulphates and Nitrates.
96
What types of bases are insoluble?
Oxides and Hydroxides.
97
How do you make a Soluble salt using a metal or an insoluble base?
Put the metal, metal oxide or metal hydroxide into the acid. The solid will dissolve and the excess solid will sink to the bottom of the flask. You then filter out the excess metal which leaves the salt solution and can evaporate the water = crystals
98
How do you make Soluble salts using an Alkali?
Mix the salts with an alkali and use an indicator to show when the reaction has finished. You then evaporate the water to crystalise the salt.
99
How do you make Insoluble salts?
Do a precipitation reaction. Pick two solutions that contain the ions you need. Once the solution is precipitated out and is lying at the bottom of the flask you then filter it from the solution.
100
What does Electrolysis mean?
Splitting up with electricity.
101
How does Electrolysis work?
Pass an electric current through ionic substances that's molten or dissolved in water. The electrolytes conduct electricity and the negative ions in the solution get attracted to the positive electrode and the opposite for the negative electrode.

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