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NAS 2 Power Points > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 forms does matter exist in

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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2
Q

What is an element

A

Pure substance that can not be chemically broken down

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3
Q

What is an atom

A

The smallest particle of an element that still retains its chemical properties

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4
Q

What 12 elements occur in large amounts? Most common elements is humans

A

Major elements
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus

Minor elements
Sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron

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5
Q

Atom structure

A

Atomic nucleus contains two subatomic particles

1 protons carry positive charge +
2 neutrons uncharged
Electrons negatively charged
Move around the nucleus

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6
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons unique to each atom

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7
Q

Mass number

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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8
Q

Isotope

A

Number of protons does not equal number of neutrons

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9
Q

Uses of isotopes

A

PET scan

Positron-emission tomography

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10
Q

Chemical compound

A

Stable association between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

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11
Q

Electrons

A

Attracted to the positive nucleus

Moves in orbitals, area around the nucleus

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12
Q

Valence

A

Outermost shell

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13
Q

Octet rule

A

Atoms gain lose or share electrons to fill the outermost she’ll

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14
Q

No reactive atoms

A

Atoms that naturally occur with a full outermost shell Called inert do not undergo reactions
Examples helium, neon, argon

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15
Q

Chemical bonds three types

A

Ionic bond
Covalent bond strongest
Hydrogen bond weakest

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16
Q

Ion

A

Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons

Number of protons differs from the number of electrons

Have an electric charge + or -
Common human ions sodium, potassium, chloride

17
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

18
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

19
Q

Electronegativity

A

Measure of an atoms attractiveness to electrons
- depends on atoms size and number of protons

Creates a positive cation from a negative anion
Opposite charged ions are attracted creating ionic bonds

20
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Bonds that forms when atoms share electrons

21
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

Two identical atoms share electrons equally

Nuclei of the atoms have the same number of protons

22
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Occurs between atoms of different elements

  • have different numbers of protons and different electronegativities
23
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak attraction between opposite charges on adjacent polar covalent molecules

Example water

24
Q

Functions of water in humans

A

Transports
Lubricates
Cushions
Excretes wastes

25
Q

Properties of water

A

Cohesion and adhesion

26
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction between two polar water molecules due to hydrogen bonds

27
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction between water and another polar molecule

28
Q

Properties of water:solvent

A

Ions and polar molecules dissolve easily in water (solutes)
Called hydrophilic water loving
Examples glucose, alcohol, salt

29
Q

Substances that do not dissolve in water

A

Water repels nonpolar molecules called hydrophobic

Example oil

30
Q

Water ionization

A

Equal number of ions created so water is neutral

31
Q

pH

A

Expression of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Change in one on the pH scale is a change in 10 of hydrogen ion concentration

32
Q

Acid and base

A

Substance that increases the concentration of H+ when dissolved in water
- pH 0-6.99 acid

Substance that combines with H+ when dissolved in water

  • lowers the H+ concentration
  • pH 7.01-14
33
Q

Cell pH

A

Fairly close to 7
Chemical reactions constantly produce acids and bases
We consume foods that are acidic and basic
How do cells maintain a constant pH

34
Q

Buffer

A

Substance that can take up or release H+ in a solution as the H+ concentration changes

Pair of substance one acid and one basic

35
Q

Bicarbonate buffer

A

When blood pH rises carbonic acid dissociates to form bicarbonate and H+

When blood pH drops bicarbonate binds H+ to form carbonic acid

36
Q

What are all living things made up of?

A

Matter
Has mass
Occupies space

NAS 2 Power Points (3 decks)

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