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Cardiovacular Anatomy and Physiology I Q1 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Electrons stay around the nucleus in this

A

electron cloud

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2
Q

Atoms are electrically neutral because of this

A

they have the same number of electrons as they do protons

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3
Q

Another name for the outer most shell

A

valence shell

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4
Q

What determines the chemical properties of an atom

A

number of electrons in the valence shell

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5
Q

Isotopes

A

protons are the same with different numbers of neutrons

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6
Q

What makes an isotope radioactive

A

it being unstable. not all electrons in valence shell are paired

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7
Q

What is an element ?

A

pure substance that cannot be changed or broken down

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8
Q

What is a compound ?

A

2 or more different elements

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9
Q

Name 3 types of chemical bonds

A

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen

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10
Q

What is a molecule?

A

atoms are held together by covalent bonds

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11
Q

What is an atom that loses an electron called?

A

Cation

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12
Q

What is an atom that gains an electron called?

A

Anion

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13
Q

Which bond shares electrons?

A

covalent

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14
Q

What does covalent non-polar bonds mean?

A

the electrons are shared equally between the pair

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15
Q

What does polar covalent bonds mean ?

A

electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms

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16
Q

What are Hydrogen bonds?

A

between 2 polar molecules that contain hydrogen

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17
Q

What are free radicals?

A

they have unpaired electrons in the valence shell and pull off from the neighbouring atom

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18
Q

What do free radicals cause?

A

oxidative stress (inflammation)

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19
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Donate to free radicals without becoming a free radical themselves

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20
Q

What is an example of decomposition rxn ?

A

AB ——-> A + B

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21
Q

What is an example of a synthesis rxn ?

A

A + B ——-> AB

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22
Q

What is an example of an exchange rxn?

A

AB + CD ———-> AC + BD

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23
Q

What is an example of a reversible rxn?

A

A + B AB

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24
Q

What is an enzyme ?

A

proteins made by the body to lower activation energy

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25
What does hydrophobic mean?
repels water
26
What does hydrophilic mean ?
dissolves easily in water
27
What is the definition for hydrolysis?
water is added
28
What is the definition of dehydration ?
water is removed
29
Is water polar or non polar covalent bond ?
polar molecule
30
What is it called when ionic bonds dissolve?
ionization or dissociation
31
TRUE / FALSE : | Electrolytes are soluble inorganic molecules whose ions cannot conduct electricity.
FALSE Electrolytes conduct electricity
32
What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
Sodium Na+
33
What is the most abundant intracellular cation?
Potassium K+
34
What is the normal blood pH
7.35 - 7.45
35
What are acids ?
any solute that dissociates in a solution and releases [H+] | ex// HCl-
36
What is a base ?
any solute that removes the [H+] ions from a solution and releases [OH-] ex// KOH
37
What is a salt?
An ionic compound contains anything but [H+] or [OH-]
38
What are buffers?
compounds that stabilize pH | holds on to hydrogen temporarily
39
What is an example of a buffer?
carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system
40
What do organic compounds always contain?
carbon and hydrogen
41
Name three types of carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides Disaccharides polysaccharides
42
What is a monosaccharide?
single sugar
43
What is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
44
What is a polysaccharide ?
complex carb.
45
Name some examples of polysaccharides
starches glycogen cellulose/fiber
46
What is the stored form of glucose?
glycogen
47
Where is glycogen stored?
liver and skeletal muscle
48
What is glycogenolysis
glycogen being broken down
49
What is the hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis?
glucogon
50
Are lipids soluble ?
Lipids are insoluble because they are non polar
51
Name two types of fatty acids.
saturated | unsaturated
52
What is a saturated fatty acid?
atoms in a chain are attached to a H | causes chain to be stiff
53
What is a unsaturated fatty acid?
2 or more double bonds in a fatty acid chain
54
What is a trans fatty acid?
heat switches the bonds of Hydrogen ( the hydrogen used to be going up and now it's going down )
55
What are triglycerides used for ?
insulation and protection
56
What do steroids form?
sex hormones | bile salts
57
Where is cholesterol made in the body?
liver
58
What's another name for covalent bonds when referring to protein structure?
peptide bonds
59
Where does a protein get its shape?
Hydrogen bonds
60
What is protein conformation change?
*like curly ribbon* the protein is activated and changes its shape and once it's done with whatever it needs to do it returns to its original form.
61
What's the name of the substance that the enzyme works on?
substrate
62
What's the name of the finish product of the changed substrate?
product
63
The process when each enzyme works on one type of rxn.
specificity
64
Cofactors/coenzymes
minerals and vitamins
65
Name two nucleic acids?
DNA | RNA
66
What is RNA?
Manufacture proteins using information provided by DNA
67
What is ATP?
A high energy compound
68
What is ATP used for?
vital cell function and synthesis of proteins
69
What are the two most common hydrogen bonded molecules in the body?
water | DNA
70
What is HCO3 - ?
bicarbonate
71
What is H2CO3 ?
Carbonic Acid
72
What is a neutral pH?
7
73
The lower end of the pH scale is (acidic/basic).
Acidic
74
The higher end of the pH scale is (acidic/basic).
Basic
75
What is glycogenisis ?
a formation of glycogen stimulated by insulin
76
What is denaturation ?
lose its shape
77
What causes denaturation ?
high temperatures | change in pH

Cardiovacular Anatomy and Physiology I Q1 (5 decks)

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