Chemistry

Question 1

Cathode

Answer 1

Negative

- Reduction (M^+ + e -> M)

Question 2

Anode

Answer 2

Positive

- Oxidation (X- -> X + e)

Question 3

Unsaturated molecule

Answer 3

Contains one or more double or tiple bonds

Question 4

Anticlockwise

Answer 4

S

Question 5

Clockwise

Answer 5

R

Question 6

Enantiomers

Answer 6

Non-superimposable mirror images

• Assign molecule R/S
• > if same = identical molecule
• > if opposite = enantiomer

Question 7

Chiral centre

Answer 7

Carbon that has four diff groups

Question 8

Determining no of stereoisomers

Answer 8

2^n (where n = no of chiral centres)

Question 9

Stereoisomers

Answer 9

Isomers that differ in 3D arrangement of atoms

Question 10

Intermolecular forces

Answer 10

Strongest:

1. H bonding
2. Dipole-dipole
3. Dispersion forces - increase with increased molecular mass (as more e)

1 and 2 - the bigger the diff in electroneg -> the stronger the bonding

Question 11

Log10 (1)

Answer 11

0

Question 12

Log10 (10)

Answer 12

1

Question 13

Log10 (100)

Answer 13

2

Question 14

Mole ratio

Answer 14

what you want/what you have

Question 15

Half life

Answer 15

start time at second no (first half like)

Question 16

High Ka

Answer 16

= low pka
= strong acid
(and therefore weak base = low kb -> high pkb)

Question 17

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 17

H bonded to either a CNOF

Question 18

H-bond donor

Answer 18

• Any H bonded to an O or N

Question 19

H-bond acceptor

Answer 19

no of O and N (even if bonded to a H)

Question 20

Oxidation No

Answer 20

Electrons are allocated to more electroneg atom

Question 21

Formal charge

Answer 21

Electrons are equally allocated

Question 22

Oxidation of Carbon

Answer 22

Increase in the no of bonds to O or decrease in no of bonds to H

Question 23

Alkene

Answer 23

C C double bond

Question 24

Alkye

Answer 24

C C triple bond

Question 25

Alkane

Answer 25

C C single bond

Question 26

Atomic Radius going across

Answer 26

Smaller - more protons and electrons pulling each other together

Question 27

Anion Atomic Radius

Answer 27

Larger radius - more electrons repelling each other

Question 28

Cation Atomic Radius

Answer 28

Smaller radius - more protons than electrons, therefore stronger pull

Question 29

Aldehyde

Answer 29

R - C (double bond O) - H

Question 30

Carboxylic acid

Answer 30

R - C (double bond O) - OH

Question 31

Ketone

Answer 31

R - C (double bond O) - R

Question 32

Sublimation

Answer 32

solid -> gas

Question 33

deposition

Answer 33

gas -> solid

Question 34

Condensation

Answer 34

gas -> liquid

Question 35

Ideal gas

Answer 35

a and b = 0

Question 36

Gases: A

Answer 36

Increases with the strength of attractants - polarity - types of bonds (covalent, ionic, metallic)

Question 37

Gases: B

Answer 37

Increases with size - atomic no - intermolecular forces

Question 38

Fischer and Haworth

Answer 38

R on F, down on H

Question 39

pH > pKa

Answer 39

base predominates

Question 40

pH < pKa

Answer 40

acid predominates

Question 41

Reduction

Answer 41

Adding a H or taking O

Question 42

Diastereomer

Answer 42

Molecule must have two chrial centres

Question 43

More substituted

Answer 43

More groups attached

Question 44

3 = log10

Answer 44

10^3

Question 45

log10 (10^3)

Answer 45

= 3

Question 46

Enthalpy

Answer 46

- H - Internal energy - HEAT!, pressure, volume

Question 47

Entropy

Answer 47

- S | - Randomness

Question 48

pH and H+

Answer 48

pH = -log[H] or [H] = 10^pH