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Science 10 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Who was John Dalton?

A

Billiard Ball Model

All atoms of the same element are the same, but different then any other atom

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2
Q

Who was JJ Thomson?

A

Plum Pudding Model

Positive spheres with negative particles embedded in it

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3
Q

Who was Ernest Rutherford?

A

Discovered the nucleus

Small, dense, positive nucleus in the centre, surrounded by negative charges

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4
Q

Who was Neils Bohr?

A

Shells of Electrons

Electrons surround the nucleus in specific energy levels

2 electrons on the first energy level, 8 on every other level

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5
Q

Quantum Mechanical Model

A

Accepted today

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus at the centre

Electrons surround the nucleus, electrons are a cloud

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6
Q

What is mass number?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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7
Q

What is an electron?

A

Negative charge
Almost no mass
Orbit nucleus

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8
Q

What is a proton?

A

Positive charge
Found in nucleus
More mass

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9
Q

What is a neutron?

A

No charge
Found in nucleus
Same mass as protons

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10
Q

What is Atomic Number?

A

Number of protons the element has

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11
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

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12
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

The outer most electrons

These electrons determine the properties of the atom

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13
Q

What are ions?

A

An atom that loses electrons becomes positive. These are called cations

An atom that gains electrons becomes negative. These are called anions

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14
Q

What are periods on the periodic table?

A

Horizontal rows that correspond to the number of energy levels around the atom

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15
Q

What are groups/families on the periodic table?

A

Vertical column which corresponds to the number of electrons on the last energy level

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16
Q

What are metals?

A

Most of the elements

Good conductors of electricity and heat

Malleable (stretchable)

Most are room temp. and shiny

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17
Q

What are non-metals?

A

17 elements

Do not conduct electricity or heat

Not malleable or ductile

Solid, liquid, and gases

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18
Q

What are metalloids?

A

All touch the staircase line (except aluminum)

Properties between metals and non-metals

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19
Q

What are the Alkali Metals?

A

Soft metals

Reactive

Group/Family 1 (except hydrogen)

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20
Q

What are the Alkaline Earth Metals?

A

Not as soft or as reactive as alkali metals

Group/Family 2

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21
Q

What are Noble Gases?

A

Extremely unreactive non-metals

Group/Family 18

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22
Q

What are the Halogens?

A

Very reactive non-metals

Only family with all three states

All are atomic

Group/Family 17

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23
Q

What are ionic compounds?

A

They are formed when a metal loses an electron to a non-metal and then are attracted to each other, forming an ionic bond

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24
Q

What are some rules for naming ionic compounds?

A

Name the cation: It’s just the elements name

Name the anion: Use the first part of the elements name and change the suffix to “ide”

Formulas must ensure charges balance out

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25
What are polyatomic atoms?
A unit of more than one atom that behaves as a single ion The charge is dispersed around the entire molecule and they do not break apart Almost all are negatively charged Most contain oxygen and their names end in “ate” or “ite”
26
What are the diatomic elements?
``` Hydrogen Nitrogen Fluorine Oxygen Iodine Chlorine Bromide ```
27
What are the polyatomic elements?
Sulfur (S8) Phosphorus (P4)
28
What is the formula for water?
H2O
29
What is the formula for ammonia?
NH3
30
What is the formula for methane?
CH4
31
What is the formula for methanol?
CH3OH
32
What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
33
What are some characteristics of molecular compounds?
Share electrons and form a covalent bond Are composed of non-metals Can be any state Will not conduct electricity Not all dissolve in water Are always colourless Have variable melting and boiling points
34
What are some characteristics of ionic compounds?
Transfer electrons to form an ionic bond Are composed of a metal and a non-metal Are solids Will conduct electricity Are soluble Can be different colours Have high melting and boiling points
35
What are some characteristics of acids?
Acids have a pH below 7 In water they form H+ (aq) ions As the concentration of H+ (aq) ions increases, pH decreases Taste sour, react with bases to produce water and an ionic compound Conduct electricity in solution React with most metal to produce hydrogen gas
36
What are some characteristics of bases?
Bases have a pH greater than 7 In water they form OH- (aq) ions As the concentration of OH- (aq) ions decreases, pH increases Taste bitter, react with acids to produce water and an ionic compound
37
How do acids and bases react with litmus paper?
Acids turn blue litmus paper red Bases turn red litmus paper blue
38
What is matter?
Matter is any substance that takes up space by having mass or volume
39
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
During a chemical reaction, mass is neither created or destroyed Mass of products = mass of reactants
40
What are physical properties of matter?
They describe physical appearance and composition of the substance ``` Boiling or condensation point Melting or freezing point Malleability Ductility Colour State Solubility Crystal formation Conductivity Magnetism ```
41
What are chemical properties of matter?
Describe reactivity of a substance ``` Ability to burn Flash point Behaviour in air Reaction with water Reaction with acids Reaction to heat Reaction to litmus paper ```
42
Pure substance
All particles are identical, properties are constant
43
Element
Cannot be broken down
44
Compound
Chemical combination of 2 or more elements
45
Mixture
Combination of pure substances
46
Solution
Is homogeneous because separate components are not visible
47
Heterogeneous
Different substances are visible (mechanical mixtures, suspensions, colloids)
48
What is a physical change?
The chemical components stay the same No new substance is formed
49
What is a chemical change?
A new substance is formed
50
What is a precipitate?
It is a solid that formed from the reaction of 2 solutions
51
What is an endothermic and exothermic reaction?
Endothermic - energy is absorbed Exothermic - energy is released
52
How to you identify chemical reactions?
``` Formation of precipitate Formation of bubbles (sometimes) Production of light Loss or gain of heat/energy Change in smell/taste Change in pH ```
53
Reactants
The chemicals that are initially put together and react
54
Products
The chemicals produced during a reaction
55
What are the five types of reactions?
``` Formation Decomposition Single Replacement Double Replacement Combustion ```
56
What is a formation reaction?
A substance is formed from its elements Element + element = compound
57
What is a decomposition reaction?
A substance breaks down into its elements Compound = element + element
58
What is a single replacement reaction?
An element reacts with a compound Element + compound = new element + new compound
59
What is a double replacement reaction?
A compound reacts with a compound compound + compound = new compound + new compound
60
What is a hydrocarbon combustion reaction?
“Burning” a compound, the compound reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour Any hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water vapour
61
What is molar mass?
The mass of one mole of a substance The units for molar mass are grams per mole The molar mass of an element can be found on the periodic table

Science 10 (4 decks)

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