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NURS104 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Features of solid matter

A

Rigid, fixed shape and volume

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2
Q

Features of liquid matter

A

Free-flowing, takes shape of the container, defined volume

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3
Q

Features of gas (in terms of matter)

A

No fixed shape/volume, takes shape of the container, lots of energy

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4
Q

What is a physical change?

A

No new substance is created, the matter takes a different form. Can be reversible/irreversible

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5
Q

What causes physical change?

A

Usually onset by a change in environment e.g temperature. Can be measured or observed, no rearrangement of atoms

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6
Q

Example of chemical changes in the body

A

Digestion: converting food into protein, fat, glucose etc

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7
Q

Define elements

A

Simplest substances, cannot be broken down in reactions

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8
Q

How are elements arranged?

A

In the periodic table in order of atomic number

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9
Q

What are atoms made up of?

A

Protons (positive charge), Neutrons (neutral charge), electrons (negative charge)

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10
Q

Where are protons found?

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

Where are neutrons found?

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

Floating in valence shells

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13
Q

Define valency

A

The number of electrons an atom of an element can gain, lose or share

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14
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

Equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (Mass number, M)

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15
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same element but different number of neutrons

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16
Q

What is a compound?

A

A molecule with at least 2 different atoms that are chemically bonded

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17
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Occur when two atoms differ considerably in electronegativity.

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18
Q

What occurs during Ionic bonding?

A

One atom loses an electron to the other (transfer) which results in one charged atom (cation) and one negative atom (anion). Formed between a metal and non-metal e.g NaCl

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19
Q

Polar molecules features

A

Electrons not equally shared, one part of the molecule more negative than other (negative/positive poles), hydrophilic, bonding electrons found closer to one pole

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20
Q

Non-polar molecules features

A

Electrons equally shared, no poles, occurs between identified identical atoms. Hydrophobic

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21
Q

Like-dissolve-like

A

Molecules of similar polarity can be mixed

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22
Q

What is the shape theory and smell?

A

The shape of molecules trigger different smells in the nose due to interacting with different receptors.

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23
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

A bond between a hydrogen atom and another atm e.g H2O.

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24
Q

Hydrogen bonds act as a

A

Proton donor (positive), so bonds to a negative ion electronic pair

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25
Q

Can hydrogen bonds occur in both organic and inorganic molecules?

A

Yes, water

Yes, DNA/proteins

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26
Q

The molecular mass is

A

The mass of a molecule

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27
Q

The sum of the molecular mass is…

A

The sum of (relative) atomic masses of the elements in a compound e.g CO2 and C6H1206 (glucose)

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28
Q

A mole is

A

The specific number of particles in a substance

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29
Q

How to calculate the mole

A 
n = m/M
m = mass
M = Molar mass
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30
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

Occurs when sodium levels are too high

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31
Q

Normal serum sodium levels are

A

135-145 mmol/L

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32
Q

Hypernatremia sodium levels are

A

> 145-160mmol/L

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33
Q

What are some symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

Vomiting, thirsty, diarrhea, fever

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34
Q

Combination reactions are

A

Two or more substances combine to form a single substance (A+B=AB)

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35
Q

Haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin

This is an example of what type of reaction

A

Combination reaction

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36
Q

Decomposition/dissociation reactions are

A

The breakdown of one substance to produce two or more products (AB—> A+B) also are ionisation reactions

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37
Q

When ions dissolve in water, this is a

A

Ionisation reaction

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38
Q

Displacement reactions are

A

The displacement of a less reactive element by a more reactive element. Example = removal of potassium when these levels are too high (kidney failure)

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39
Q

Partner exchange

A

Double displacement, e.g taking antiacids to stop heartburn produced by HCl in the stomach.

40
Q

Redox/oxidation/reduction reactions

A

Always happen together

41
Q

Oxidation reaction

A

Gaining of bonds (often to oxygen) and loss of electrons

42
Q

Reduction is

A

The gaining (often of hydrogen) of electrons e.g rusting

43
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A substance that changes the state of a chemical reaction without being changed itself.

44
Q

Aromatic compound

A

Contain a ‘benzene’ ring with 6 carbons in a ring with alternating double bonds. Less reactive, always unsaturated.

45
Q

Aliphatic compound

A

Generally open chains of carbon atoms, most often single bonds

46
Q

Alkanes

A

Contains only hydrogen and carbon in a single chain, saturated.

47
Q

Alkenes

A

Contains at least one carbon bond, unsaturated, double bond

48
Q

Alkynes

A

Contains at least one carbon to carbon triple bond (very reactive).

49
Q

Alcohols

A

Organic compound, the hydroxyl (OH) functional group is bound to a carbon

50
Q

What are the three types of alcohol?

A

Isopropyl, methyl, ethyl

51
Q

What do we call alcohol that has more than one OH group?

A

Glycerol

52
Q

Aldehydes

A

Functional groups with the structure - CHO. Has a carbonyl centre. Carbon atom also bonded to the hydrogen and on to an R group.

53
Q

Ketones

A

Breakdown of fatty acids, ketones are the product of this process

54
Q

What hormones prevent ketone levels from rising?

A

Insulin, glucagon etc

55
Q

When do ketone levels rise?

A

When you don’t have enough insulin to turn glucose into energy

56
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Contain a carboxyl group (R-COOH)

57
Q

Amines

A

Derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups

58
Q

What is the R group in amines

A

NH2

59
Q

What type of Iron comes from animal sources?

A

Haem Iron Fe2+

60
Q

Which type of iron is more easily absorbed?

A

Haem Iron Fe2+

61
Q

What part of the body is Iron most efficiently absorbed?

A

Small intestine (duodenum)

62
Q

What is iron deficiency usually associated with?

A

Poverty, infectious/inflammatory cancers

63
Q

What are some symptoms of iron deficiency?

A

Anaemia (fatigue), behaviour change, impaired temp regulation

64
Q

What is the median iron intake for adults that is recommended?

A

18.0mg/day

65
Q

What percentage of iron do healthy people absorb from dietary iron?

A

5-10%

66
Q

What percentage of iron do iron-deficient people absorb from dietary iron?

A

10-20%

67
Q

What are some factors that decrease iron absorption?

A

Diarrhoea, milk products, bran, zinc salts

68
Q

What foods can we source iron from?

A

Animal/fish meats, plants.

69
Q

Iron is stored in what two forms?

A

Ferritin in the liver, transferrin in the iron transport protein

70
Q

What type of synthesis takes place in the liver in regards to Iron absorption?

A

Hepcidin synthesis

71
Q

Iron is transported in the…

A

Plasma

72
Q

Red blood cells carry what percentage of Iron?

A

70%

73
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A

Helps maintain the structural integrity of proteins, regulates gene expression, slows tumour growth.

74
Q

What is the recommended zinc intake daily for men and women?

A

8mg/day for women, 14mg/day for men

75
Q

Where is the absorption site of zinc?

A

Jejunum (small intestine)

76
Q

What maximises zinc absorption?

A

When taken in aqueous solution in a fasting state

77
Q

What foods contain zinc?

A

Meat, liver, seafood

78
Q

You should take no more than.. of zinc per day

A

50mg/day

79
Q

Zinc deficiency leads to

A

Growth issues, poor appetite, alopecia, delayed wound healing, susception to infection

80
Q

Excessive zinc intake leads to

A

Copper deficiency, decreased immune function, low serum HDL levels

81
Q

Low selenium levels lead to

A

Prostate cancer, HIV, AIDS, depression

82
Q

What percentage of selenium is dependent on diet?

A

50-100%

83
Q

What foods contain selenium?

A

Brazil nuts, meat, poultry, eggs, plants/grains

84
Q

What is the average daily intake recommended of selenium for males and females?

A 
Females = 60mg/day
Males = 70mg/day
85
Q

Factors that influence selenium absorption include:

A

How food has been processed, soil content, antioxidant level of diet

86
Q

Excess selenium levels can lead to:

A

Hair loss, brittle nails, rash, fatigue

87
Q

What glands are responsible for metabolism?

A

Thyroid glands

88
Q

Iodine is an important constituent for what hormones?

A

Thyroid hormones

89
Q

Deficiency of iodine can lead to?

A

Decreased production of thyroid hormones, can lead to goitre (enlarged thyroid gland)

90
Q

The daily requirement of iodine is:

A

150Mg/day

91
Q

What foods are iodine found in?

A

Seafood, milk, eggs, iodised salt

92
Q

Iodine deficiency can lead to:

A

Stillbirth, abortion, goitre, delayed physical/mental development

93
Q

Recommended level of fluoridated drinking water:

A

0.7-1.0mg/day

94
Q

What is the condition caused by excess fluoride? And what can it lead to?

A

Fluorosis

Staining and pitting of the teeth

95
Q

Recommended daily fluoride intake:

A

4.0mg/day

96
Q

What are some symptoms of non-skeletal fluorosis?

A

Pain in stomach, loss of appetite, constipation

NURS104 (7 decks)

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