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Anatomy > Chemistry and Cellular Level > Flashcards

Chemistry and Cellular Level Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

cytology

A

outer surface of the cell

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2
Q

cell physiology

A

study of cellular function

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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

outer surface of cell

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4
Q

Fxn

A

separates cell from external environment

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5
Q

Str

A

Lipid bilayer (phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids)

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6
Q

Fxn(s)

A

transport, cell identification, enzymes, receptors, intercellular junction

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7
Q

Selective permeability

A

allows some substance to pass but not others

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8
Q

diffusion

A

particles move from high to low [] across membrane

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9
Q

osmosis

A

solvents move from high to low [] across membrane

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10
Q

active transport

A

requires cellular energy to move substances across membrane

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11
Q

hypotonic solution

A

lower [] of solutes

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12
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

higher [] of solutes

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13
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal [] of solutes

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14
Q

endocytosis

A

materials enter the cell

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15
Q

exocytosis

A

materials exit the cell

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16
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

membrane binds only to specific ligands

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17
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulf and destroy large solid particles

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18
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell engulfs extracellular fluids

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19
Q

centrosome

A

role in cell divison

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20
Q

cilia

A

move materials on cell surface

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21
Q

flagella

A

movement of entire cell

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22
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis

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23
Q

rough er

A

synthesis proteins and lipids

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24
Q

smooth er

A

synthesis lipids

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25
golgi complex
packages and modifies cellular products
26
lysosomes
destroys unwanted substance
27
mitochondria
generates cellular energy
28
nucleus
control center for cellular activities
29
transcription
copying of DNA into mRNA (inside the nucleus)
30
translation
converting the mRNA with tRNA into a sequence (protein)
31
interphase
cell preparing for division
32
G1
duplicating most organelles and other
33
S
DNA Replications
34
G2
cell growth
35
prophase
chromatin condenses and forms chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears
36
metaphase
chromosomes line-up in the center of cell, spindle fibers appear
37
anaphase
-centromeres split toward each pole
38
telophase
chromatin reforms, nuclear envelope reappears
39
cytokinesis
cell divides into two new appropriately equal cells
40
meiosis
cell division that produces the gametes
41
chemistry
the study of structure and interactions of matter
42
matter
is anything that occupies space and has mass
43
mass
the amount of matter in any object
44
atoms
smallest units of matter, made of protons, neutrons, and elections
45
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus
46
atomic mass
the sum of its protons and neutrons
47
isotopes
atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers
48
ions
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
49
chemical bonds
hold together the atoms in molecules and compounds
50
ionic bonds
+ and - charged ions attract each other
51
covalent bonds
atoms share pairs of electrons (polar or non-polar)
52
hydrogen bons
polar covalent bonds between H and other atoms
53
chemical reactions
when new bonds form or old bonds are broken
54
law of conservation of mass
total mass of the reactants equal the total mass of the product
55
law of conservation of energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed just converted from one type to another
56
catalysts
speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to get it started
57
enzymes
proteins that act as catalysts in biological systems
58
anabolism
build up of larger molecules from smaller
59
catabolism
destruction of larger molecules to smaller
60
endergonic
absorb more energy than released
61
exergonic
released more energy than absorbed
62
metabolism
the combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions
63
solutions
solutes mixed into solvents usually looking clear
64
suspension
are solutes mixed into a solvent
65
water
most important inorganic compound in living systems, medium of nearly all chemical reactions
66
hydrolysis
water is added to separate a large molecule
67
dehydration synthesis
adding water combined two smaller molecules
68
pH scale
0-14, 7 is neutral (water), below 7= acidic, above 7= basic/alkaline
69
organic compounds
contains C+H, covalent usually
70
carbohydrates
ratio of C for each water molecule, main function is source of energy for ATP formation
71
lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids, and some vitamins
72
proteins
combination of amino acids, peptide bonds between (peptides and polypeptides)
73
Nucleic acids
DNA/RNA, nucleotides = nitrogenous base (A,C,T,G,U) + pentose sugar + phosphate group
74
DNA
double stranded, T base
75
RNA
single strand, U base
76
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, temporary molecular storage of energy

Anatomy (6 decks)

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