Chemistry: Atoms First

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Chemists study the composition, properties, and interactions of

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matter

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Alchemists attempted to transform what metals into what metals.

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base (non-precious) metals into noble (precious) metals.

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Greeks defined matter in terms of four elements.

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fire, air, water, and earth

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Chemistry is related to many disciplines and is often referred to as The

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Central Science

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Chemistry is a fundamental

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part of everyday life

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As you study chemistry, you will discover that chemistry is involved in changing the

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composition of matter

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As you study chemistry, you will discover that these changes can be classified and understood by using

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basic chemical principles

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As you study chemistry, you will discover that changes in energy accompany

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changes in matter

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Chemistry is a science based upon

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experimentation and observation

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The Scientific Method is a logical, problem-solving path to discovery used by scientists. The 4 basic steps are:

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observation, hypothesis, experiments, law or theory

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What is the difference between Law and Theory?

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• A law summarizes alot of experimental observations and it is used to predict future outcomes.
• A theory explains “why” things happen. It is a comphrensive and testable explanation

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Example of a Domain: Moisture in the air, icebergs, and the ocean represents water in the

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Macroscopic Domain

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Example of a Domain: At the molecular level, gas molecules are far apart and disorganized, solid water molecules are close together and organized, and liquid molecules are close together and disorganized.

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Microscopic Domain

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Example of a Domain: H2O is the chemical formula for water, and (g), (s), and (L) symbolize its phrases.

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Symbolic Domain

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Matter is anything that has

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mass and occupies space

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The common phases or states of matter are

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solid, liquid, and gas

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Gas takes

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both the shape and volume of the container

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Liquid posses

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an indefinite shape but retains a definite volume

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Solid is

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rigid and posses a definite shape and definite volume

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What is the fourth state of matter

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plasma

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plasma is from the greek word for

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“moldable substance” or “jelly”

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Plasma contains an appreciable amount of

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electrically charged particles

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Plasma has properties distinct from

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ordinary gases

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Plasma is found in certain

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low-pressure or high-temperature environments

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What is the difference between Mass and Weight?

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* Mass is the measurment of the amount of matter in an object * Weight is the force that gravity exerts on an object

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# Th What is the Law of Conservation of Matter

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During a physical or chemical change, there is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present. Matter cannot be created or destroyed

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* the phase of a substance changes * between solid, liquid, gaseous states

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Physical Change

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* matter is converted from one type to another * beer brewing

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Chemical Change

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An element is a

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pure substance that cannot be broken down into simplier substances by chemical changes.

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How many elements are discovered? How many occur naturally on earth?

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118, and 98

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Locate the atomic number, symbol, name, and atomic mass of Hydrogen.

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Atomic number: 1 Symbol: H Atomic mass: 1.008 Name: Hydrogen

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Atoms are

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the smallest particles of an element that have the properties of that element.

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Molecules are

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two or more atoms joined together by forces known as chemical bonds.

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The atoms in a molecule are bound together and they move around as a

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unit

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Elemenrs consist of a

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single type of atom

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Noble gases, which include helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn), are found as blank in nature. This is because they have a full set of electrons in their outermost energy level, which makes them very stable and unreactive. They don’t readily form compounds with other elements, so they exist as blank

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single/indivdual atoms

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Most elements exist as molecules with two or more atoms of that element

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bound together

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Some molecules are blank; they consist of one type of atom.

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elements

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Most molecules consist of atoms of different elements bound together. These molecules are known as

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compounds

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A water molecule is a compound that consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom held together by

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chemical bonds

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A glucose molecule is made from six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms bound together in a

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specific arrangement

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A small difference in the arangement of atoms can have enormous

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consequences

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A pain reliever but highly addictive

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Morphine

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Pain reliever like morphine but even more addictive illegal substance.

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Heroin

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Pain reliever with one tenth the potency of morphine

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Codeine

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Similar to codeine but causes convulsions if ingested

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Thebaine

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Pure substances have

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constant composition

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Pure substances that are elements cannot be ## Footnote Examples: gold(Au), oxygen (O2), and iron (Fe)

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broken down into simplier substances chemically

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Pure substances that are compounds can be

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broken down into simplier substances or into its elements by chemical changes

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Pure substances that are compounds have physical properties that are different from the

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physical properties of its elements

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A mixture is a

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combination of substances

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two or more compounds, two or more elements, or a combination is a

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mixture

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mixtures can be separated by

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physical methods

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A heterogeneous mixture has composition that

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varies from point to point

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A homogenous mixture, also known as blank, has

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solution has uniform composition throughout

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# Properties of Matter * are characteristics of matter that are not associated with a change in chemical composition

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physical property

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What are physical properties | examples

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density, color, hardness, conductivity, viscosity, etc.

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What are chemical properties | examples

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flammability, reactivity, acidity, etc.

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# Properties of Matter The ability to change from one type of matter into another type of matter

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Chemical Properties

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# Physical vs. Chemical changes They are changes in the state or properties of matter that are not associated with a change in chemical composition.

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Physical Changes

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What are physical changes

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melting, dissolving, magnetizing, grinding into a powder, etc

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What are chemical changes

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Rust formation, combustion, digestion of food, etc.

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# Physical vs. Chemical Changes Produce one or more new types of matter that differ from the original matter prior to the change.

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Chemical Change

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# Intensive vs. Extensive Properties Do not depend on the amount of susbtance present

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Intensive Property

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# Intensive vs. Extensive Properties Depend on the amount of substance present

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Extensive property

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What are intensive properties | example

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density and temperature

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What are extensive properties | example

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Mass, volume, and heat

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Measurements provide the information that is the basis of

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most hypotheses, theories, and laws in science

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Number in Measurements mean

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size or magnitude

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Units in Measurement is a

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a standard for comparison

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{ 10 }^{ +12 } What is the symbol and prefix

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T tera-

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{ 10 }^{ +9 } What is the symbol and prefix

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G giga-

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{ 10 }^{ +6 } What is the symbol and prefix

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M mega-

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{ 10 }^{ +3 } What is the symbol and prefix

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k kilo-

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{ 10 }^{ -1 } What is the symbol and prefix

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d deci-

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{ 10 }^{ -2 } What is the symbol and prefix

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c centi-

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{ 10 }^{ -3 } What is the symbol and prefix

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m milli-

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{ 10 }^{ -6 } What is the symbol and prefix

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μ micro-

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{ 10 }^{ -9 } What is the symbol and prefix

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n nano-

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{ 10 }^{ -12 } What is the symbol and prefix

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p pico-

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°F

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(1.8)°C + 32

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°C

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(°F - 32)/1.8

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°K=

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°C + 273.15

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what are common SI Base Units in Chemistry?

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## Footnote e