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A-level chemistry year 2 > Chemistry Chemical Reactions > Flashcards

Chemistry Chemical Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Group 1 metal nitrate heated

A

—> metal nitrile + oxygen
2MNO3(s) —> 2MNO2(s) + O2(g)

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2
Q

Group 1 metal carbonate heated

A

Does not undergo thermal decomposition as too thermally stable. (Except lithium carbonate)

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3
Q

Group 2 metal oxide + water

A

—> metal hydroxide
MO(s) + H2O —> M(OH)2

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4
Q

Group 2 metal oxide + dilute acid

A

—> salt
MO(s) + 2HCl(aq) —> MCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

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5
Q

Group 2 metal hydroxide + water

A

—> aqueous metal hydroxide
M(OH)2(s) ——> M(OH)2(aq)
—————H2O——————

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6
Q

Group 2 metal hydroxide + dilute acid

A

—> salt
M(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) —> MCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

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7
Q

Group 2 metal + water

A

—> metal hydroxide + hydrogen
M(s) + 2H2O(l) —> M(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

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8
Q

Group 2 metal + oxygen

A

—> metal oxide ( white ppt )
2M(s) + O2(g) —> 2MO(s)

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9
Q

Group 2 metal + chlorine

A

—> metal chloride (white precipitate)
M(s) + Cl2(g) —> MCl2(s)

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10
Q

Decomposition of group 2 metal carbonate

A

—> metal oxide + carbon dioxide
MCO3(s) —> MO(s) + CO2(g)

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11
Q

Decomposition of lithium carbonate

A

Li2CO3(s) —> Li2O(s) + CO2(g)

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12
Q

Decomposition of group 2 nitrates

A

—> metal oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen
2M(NO3)2(s) —> 2MO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

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13
Q

Decomposition of lithium nitrate

A

4LiNO3(s) —> 2Li2O(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2

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14
Q

What is nitrogen dioxide

A

A brown toxic gas

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15
Q

REDOX: Halogen + G1

A

—> halide salt
2M(s) + X2(s) —> 2MX(s)
—0——0———- +1– -1–

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16
Q

REDOX: Halogen + G2

A

—> halide salt
M(s) + X2(s) —> MX2(s)
-0——-0———+2– -1——

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17
Q

Hydrogen halide + water

A

HX(g) ——> X-(aq) + H+(aq)

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18
Q

Properties of HX(g)

A

Acidic gases—> turn damp blue litmus paper red

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19
Q

Hydrogen halide + ammonia

A

—> ammonium halide (white fumes)
HX(g) + NH3(g) —> NH4X(g)

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20
Q

Chlorine + cold dilute alkali

A

—> sodium chlorate (I)- bleach + sodium chloride + Water
Cl2 + 2NaOH(aq) —> NaOCl + NaCl + H2O

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21
Q

Chlorine + hot dilute alkali

A

—> sodium chlorate (V) + sodium chloride + water
3Cl2 + 6NaOH —> NaClO3 + 5NaCl + 3H2O

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22
Q

Chlorine + water

A

—> hydrochloric acid + hypochlorous acid
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) <=> HCl(aq) + HClO(aq)

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23
Q

HClO + water

A

—> chlorate (I) ion (kills bacteria)
HClO + H2O <=> ClO- + H3O+

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24
Q

Free radical substitution of methane overall equation

A

CH4 + Cl2 —(UV)—> CH3Cl + HCl

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25
Q

Free radical substitution of methane: initiation

A

Cl2 —-(UV)—> 2Cl*

26
Q

Free radical substitution of methane: propagation

A

CH4 + Cl* —> *CH3 + HCl
CH3 + Cl2 —> CH3Cl + Cl

27
Q

Free radical substitution of methane: termination

A

Cl* + Cl* —> Cl2
*CH3 + *CH3 —> C2H6
CH3 + Cl —> CH3Cl

28
Q

Complete combustion of alkanes ( ethane )

A

2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) —> 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

29
Q

Incomplete combustion of alkanes (ethane)

A

C2H6(g) + 2O2(g) —> CO(g) + C(s) + 3H2O(g)

30
Q

Main reactions alkenes undergo

A

Electrophilic addition

31
Q

Alkene + hydrogen
(Products, conditions, reaction)

A

—> alkane
Nickel catalyst, 150°C
H2C=CH2 + H2(g) —-> CH3CH3

32
Q

Alkene + halogen

A

—> dihalogenoalkane
H2C=CH2 + X2 —> CH2XCH2X

33
Q

Which dihaloalkane is colourless

A

Dibromoalkane

34
Q

Alkene + hydrogen halide

A

—> haloalkane
H2C=CHCH3 + HX —> CH3CHXCH3

35
Q

Steam hydration of alkenes
(Product, conditions, reaction)

A

Alkene + steam —> alcohol
- Phosphoric (V) acid catalyst, 300°C, 60atm
H2C=CH2(g) + H2O(g) <=> CH3CH2OH

36
Q

Oxidation of alkenes
(Product, conditions, reaction, observation)

A

—> diol
- acidified potassium manganate (VII)
H2C=CH2 —(H+/MnO4-)—> CH2(OH)CH2(OH) ethane-1,2-diol
Purple- colourless solution

37
Q

Elimination of haloalkanes
(Products, conditions, reaction)

A

Haloalkane + OH- —> alkene
- Reflux, warm ethanolic KOH
RX + KOH —> RC=C + H2O + KX

38
Q

What does the OH- act as in elimination of haloalkanes

A

Acts as a base, removing H+ from the haloalkane

39
Q

Main reaction of haloalkanes

A

Nucleophilic substitution

40
Q

Haloalkane + water

A

—> alcohol
RX + H2O —> ROH + H+ + X-

41
Q

Haloalkane + OH- (SN)
(Conditions, reaction, products)

A

—> alcohol
- reflux, warm KOH(aq)
RX + KOH —> ROH + KX

42
Q

Haloalkane + CN-
(Products, reaction, conditions, use)

A

—> nitrile
- reflux, KCN in ethanol (ethanolic)
RX + CN- —> R-C=-N + X-
- used to increase length of the carbon chain

43
Q

Haloalkane + ammonia
(Products, conditions, reaction, observation)

A

—> amines
- warm with excess, ethanolic ammonia
RX + NH3 —> R-NH2 + NH4+
- R-NH2 has a fish smell

44
Q

Combustion of alcohols (ethanol)

A

C2H5OH + 3O2 —> 2CO2 + 3H2O

45
Q

Oxidation of primary alcohol to final product
(Reaction, products, conditions, observation)

A

P1—(distillation)—> aldehyde
P1—(reflux)—> carboxylic acid
ROH + 2[O] —> RCOOH + H2O
[O] = acidified potassium dichromate
Colour change orange - green

46
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohol

A

—> ketone
ROHR + [O] —> RCO + H2O
[O] = acidified potassium dichromate
Colour change orange-green

47
Q

Acyl chloride + water

A

—> carboxylic acid + HCl(g)
CH3COCl + H2O —> CH3COOH + HCl

48
Q

Acyl chloride + alcohol

A

—> ester + hydrogen chloride gas
CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH —> CH3C=OOCH2CH3 + HCl

49
Q

Acyl chloride + amine (methylamine)

A

—> n-methylethanamide + Hydrogen chloride gas
CH3COCl + CH3NH2 —> CH3C=ONHCH3 + HCl

50
Q

Acyl chloride + ammonia

A

—> acylamide + Ammonium chloride
CH3COCl + NH3 —> CH3C=ONH2 + HCl
NH3 + HCl —> NH4Cl
Overall: CH3COCl + 2NH3 —> CH3CONH2 + NH4Cl
——————————————ethanamide————

51
Q

Main reaction of arenes

A

Electrophilic substitution

52
Q

Formation of nitrobenzene conditions + type of reaction

A
  • concentrated H2SO4 (catalyst)
  • concentrated HNO3
  • <50°C
  • Electrophilic substitution
53
Q

Adding a halogen to a benzene
(Type of reaction, conditions + formation of catalyst)

A
  • electrophilic substitution
  • halogen (e.g Br2)
  • halogen carrier (FeBr3/AlCl3)
    AlCl3 + Cl2 —> AlCl4- + Cl+
54
Q

Acylation of a benzene conditions + type of reaction

A
  • Acyl chloride
  • AlCl3
  • electrophillic substitution
55
Q

Alkylation of benzene conditions + type of reaction

A
  • electrophillic substitution
  • AlCl3
  • RCl (with methyl or ethyl group etc..)
56
Q

Carbonyl + HCN
Products, conditions, type of reaction

A

—> hydroxynitrile
- HCN in the presence of KCN
RCOR + HCN —> RCOHCNR

57
Q

Reduction of nitrobenzene
(Products, conditions)

A

—> phenylamine (C6H5NH2)
1. Sn, Conc HCl, reflux
2. OH-

58
Q

Bromination of phenol (products, reactant)

A
  • 3/2 Br2
  • 2,4,6-tribromophenol
59
Q

Hydrolysis of nitriles
(Products, conditions, reaction)

A

—> carboxylic acid + ammonium chloride
- reflux with dilute HCl, distil off COOH
CH3CN + 2H2O + HCl —> CH3COOH + NH4Cl

60
Q

Carboxylic acid + aqueous base

A

—> salt + water
CH3COOH +NaOH —> CH3COONa + H2O

61
Q

Carboxylic acid + carbonate/hydrogen carbonate

A

—> salt + water + carbon dioxide
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3(s) —> 2CH3COONa(aq) + CO2 + H2O
CH3COOH + NaHCO3(s) —> CH3COONa(aq) + CO2 + H2O

A-level chemistry year 2 (8 decks)

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