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Chemistry EOY Flashcards

(23 cards)

1
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

The electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions formed by electron transfer between metals and non-metals.

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2
Q

Which elements typically form positive ions?

A

Metals

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3
Q

Which elements typically form negative ions?

A

Non-metals.

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4
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

The sharing of pairs of electrons between non-metal atoms.

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5
Q

Why do atoms share electrons in covalent bonding?

A

To achieve a stable outer shell (like noble gases).

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6
Q

What are the key properties of alkali metals?

A

Soft, low melting points, very reactive with water, form +1 ions.

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7
Q

Why do alkali metals become more reactive as you go down the group?

A

The outer electron is further from the nucleus and more easily lost.

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8
Q

What are the key properties of halogens?

A

Coloured, diatomic molecules, form -1 ions, reactivity decreases down the group.

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9
Q

What is a displacement reaction in halogens?

A

A more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive one from its salt.

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10
Q

What is the approximate composition of air?

A

~78% nitrogen, ~21% oxygen, ~1% argon, ~0.04% carbon dioxide

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11
Q

What is the reactivity series?

A

A list of metals ranked by how easily they react (e.g. K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Cu).

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12
Q

How can you determine a metal’s place in the series?

A

By its reaction with water, acids, and other metal salts.

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13
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that releases H⁺ ions in water.

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14
Q

What is an alkali?

A

A soluble base that releases OH⁻ ions in water.

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15
Q

What is the pH of acids, alkalis and neutral solutions?

A

Acids: <7; Neutral: 7; Alkalis: >7.

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16
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

Reaction of an acid with a base to form salt and water.

17
Q

Give an example of a neutralisation reaction.

A

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.

18
Q

How do you prepare a soluble salt (like copper sulfate) from an insoluble base?

A

Add base to acid until neutral, filter, then crystallise.

19
Q

How do you test for hydrogen gas?

A

Pop’ test – a lit splint makes a squeaky pop.

20
Q

How do you test for carbon dioxide?

A

Turns limewater milky (cloudy).

21
Q

How do you test for chlorine gas?

A

Bleaches damp litmus paper.

22
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.