Chemistry for Engineers (Done) Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
The colors of the NFPA diamond correspond to what and what is the highest level?
A
Red - flammability
Blue - level of health hazard
Yellow - reactivity
White - special hazards
Level 4
2
Q
Limit by NIOSH
A
Recommended exposure limits (REL)
3
Q
Nervous system is targeted by what toxin?
A
Neurotoxin
4
Q
Water pollutant that refer to leaves, grass, and trash
A
Organic wastes
5
Q
Placed on the storage of the chemical to identify the chemical and its hazard.
A
Label
6
Q
Coordination # and # of atoms of simple cubic structure
A
6, 1
7
Q
_ is the measure of how serious the harm is as a _ of unsafe working with chemicals.
A
Severity, consequence
8
Q
Several factors when considering economic merits of fuels:
A
Availability of extraction technology
Pollution
Relative Safety
Energy Density
9
Q
Plasticity is a desired property in _, _, and _.
A
Forging, stamping images on coin and ornamental work
10
Q
The only element that has a cubic structure
A
Polonium (Po)
11
Q
Three major types of materials
A
Metal
Ceramic
Polymers
12
Q
Levels of fluoride, lead, sulfate and nitrate to fit water standards:
A
< 4 ppm
< 15 microgram/L
< 250 ppm
< 10 ppm
13
Q
Define energy density
A
It is the amount of energy released per gram of burned fuel.
14
Q
Property of material to absorb energy, resist shock and loads
A
Resilience
15
Q
Dense, ordered packing has higher/lower neighbor bond energy compared to non-dense, random packing.
A
Lower (it is kept at minimum)
16
Q
When enthalpy is negative, the process is:
A
Exothermic
17
Q
Allotropes of carbon
A
Diamond
Graphite
Bucky ball (Buckminsterfullerene)
18
Q
Primitive crystal systems (7)
A
Isometric/cubic
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
Hexagonal
Triclinic
Monoclinic
Rhombohedral/Trigonal
19
Q
Example of PV work?
A
Gas expansion
20
Q
Hydrogen may be stored as:
A
Liquid hydrogen (liquefaction)
Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs)
Ammonia
Methanol
21
Q
What is potential energy?
A
Energy available by virtue of its position
22
Q
What is the most common type of work encountered in chemical processes?
A
PV work
23
Q
Particle pollutants that are condensation of vapors during sublimation, distillation, boiling, chemical reactions
A
Fumes
24
Q
BOD of clean water is _ and for polluted water, it is _.
A
< 5 ppm
> 17 ppm
25
Value of Avogadro's number
6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol
26
Resilience is an essential propety for what type of material?
Spring materials
27
Examples of kinetic energy
Thermal, radiant, sound, electrical, mechanical, translational, rotational, vibrational
28
Property of material to resist wear, scratching, deformation, machinability, etc.
Hardness
29
Property of material to regain its original shape after being deformed
Elasticity
30
Malleable materials commonly used in engineering practice
(In order of diminishing malleability) lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminum
31
Property of material that refers to the slow and permanent deformation due to constant stress at high temperature for a long period of time
Creep
32
Capacity to do work
Energy
33
Property of material to break
Brittleness
34
It is the combination of kinetic and potential energy.
Internal energy
35
Adverse health effect after repeated exposure to a chemical which may occur after either a relatively short or long-term exposure
Chronic toxicity
36
What is the English unit of energy and what is its definition?
British Thermal Unit (BTU), it is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 lb of water by 1 degF
37
Bleaching of paper switched from use of _ to _
Chlorine, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
38
Property of material to be shaped or cut depending on necessity
Machinability
39
Gaseous pollutant that is poisonous to animals and plants
Oxides of sulfur
40
What is radiant energy?
Solar energy from the sun
41
True or False: Steel is more elastic than rubber.
True
42
Explosive, flammable, oxidizing, gas under presssure, corrosive to metal are examples of _?
Physical hazard
43
Energy density of hydrogen
120~142 MJ/kg [low to high heating value]
44
What is system in universe?
It is the one being studied.
45
pH of rain
5.6
46
Measurement of toughness of material
Amount of energy absorbed pera unit volume of material after being stress up to the point of fracture
47
Irreversible damage to skin, eyes, airways or material
Corrosive
48
Hazard on dermal layer
Cutaneous hazard
49
What is heat?
Energy flow b/w two objects with difference in temperature (warm to cold)
50
Gaseous pollutant that is carcinogenic and harmful to plants, comes from burning of fuel
Hydrocarbons
51
Pollutants that are minute solid particles or liquid droplets in the air
Particle pollutants
52
Carbon monoxide + hemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
53
What is surroundings in universe?
It is everything outside the system.
54
(+) or (-): energy exiting the system
(-)
55
What is chemical energy?
Stored energy from structural units of chemical substances
56
Easily identifiable source of pollution
Point source
57
Gaseous pollutant that is from fossil fuels and mainly responsible for global warming
Carbon dioxide
58
States of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Fermionic Condensate
59
Examples of potential energy
Chemical, nuclear/atomic
60
Phase change involves change in kinetic or potential energy?
Potential
61
Levels of hazard control (5)
1. Eliminate hazardous chemical
2. Substitute with less hazardous chemical
3. Install engineering control
4. Put administrative control
5. PPE
62
Parts of the universe
System
Boundary
Surroundings
63
Standard state conditions
25 degC and 1 atm
64
What are the constituents of steel?
Iron and carbon
65
Crystal system with unequal axes and no perpendicular axes
Triclinic
66
Define heat of condensation
Heat released when gas turns to liquid, always negative
67
This helps in determining the necessity of specialized equipment, procedures or precautions
National Fire Protection Association Diamond
68
It is the use of knowledge in chemistry and other sciences to decrease environmental impact
Green chemistry
69
It is the process of fish dying or leaving a body of water due to increase in algae growth which leads to decrease in available oxygen.
Eutrophication
70
Property of material to be drawn into wire
Ductility
71
Combination of 2 or more individual materials of different types
Composite
72
Property of material to resist fracture due to strong blows
Toughness
73
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but instead can assume different interconvertible forms.
74
Gaseous pollutant that causes red haze in congested places
Oxides of nitrogen
75
Describe a galvanic cell.
Battery that is unplugged/discharging
No energy added towards it
Spontaneous
Cathode is positive, anode is negative
76
Kidneys are targeted by what toxin?
Nephrotoxin
77
Crystal system with equal axes, no perpendicular axes
Rhombohedral/trigonal
78
Hemoglobin is targeted by what toxin?
Hematopoietic toxin
79
Property of material to retain deformation after being subjected to stress
Plasticity
80
What is bond energy?
Energy released when covalent bond is formed
81
Define enthalpy
Heat flow when pressure is constant
82
Most commonly used class of engineering material
Metal
83
Hardness of metal are determined through:
Brinell hardness test
Rockwell hardness test
Vickers hardness test (aka Diamond Pyramid)
Shore scelorscope
84
Two major forms of energy?
Kinetic and Potential Energy
85
What is the SI unit of energy and what is it equal to?
Joule (J), 1 kg m^2/s^2
86
Define heat of vaporization
Heat required to turn liquid to gas, always positive
87
Properties of ceramic
Strong but fractures
Has insulative properties
May be transparent, translucent, or opaque
88
Gaseous pollutants in troposphere (5)
Oxides of sulfur
Oxides of nitrogen
Hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
89
Types of heat of reaction
Heat of:
Combustion
Formation
Solution
Disassociation
Neutralization
90
Measure of ductility
Terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area
91
It is the type of smog that is common in cool, humid climate that is composed of smoke, fog and SO2
Classical smog
92
What is formation reaction?
Formation of one mole of compound from its standard state
93
Measure of stiffness
Modulus of elasticity
94
Found in human excreta that causes gastrointestinal diseases (2)
Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis
95
Enthalpies may be directly determined through _, but _ can also be used to indirectly determine it.
Calorimetric means, Hess('s) Law
96
True or False: Cast iron is a ductile material.
False, it is a brittle material
97
Limit for amount/concentration of substance in air by OSHA
Permissible exposure limits (PEL)
98
Combination of metals is called _ and it is formed through _, _, and _.
Alloy
Melting, mixing, cooling
99
It is anything that has the potential to cause harm in the form of injury, illness, damage to environment
Hazard
100
It is the amount of oxygen required to break down organic matter in a certain volume of water
Biochemical oxygen demand
101
Define path function
Property that depends on the path to get to the final value
102
Phase change takes place at constant _.
Pressure
103
Property of material where it fails at stresses below yield point stresses after being subjected to multiple stresses
Fatigue
104
What are the constituents of bronze?
Copper and tin
105
Define heat of fusion
Heat required to melt
106
Bacteria and other organisms from domestic sewage and animal excreta
Pathogens
107
Property of material to resist external forces without breaking
Strength
108
Iron allotrope is a _ at 20 degC and _ at 1000 degC
BCC, FCC
109
Formula for internal energy
delta E = q+w
110
When enthalpy is positive, the process is:
Endothermic
111
Differentiate crystalline vs. non-crystalline
Crystalline: atoms are packed in periodic/repeating, 3D arrays; metals, many ceramics, some polymers
Non-crystalline: amorphous, no periodic packing, common for complex structure
112
What is boundary in universe?
It is the imaginary line that separates the system from the surroundings.
113
_ is the environmentally friendly fuel alternative because _.
Hydrogen gas, because it only produces water when burned.
114
Challenges of using hydrogen as energy source
Production process is expensive.
Energy required to produce it is greater than the energy content derived from it.
115
Major contributors to acid rain
SO2 and NO2
116
Limit by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
117
Particle pollutants that are living organisms like bacteria, fungi, moulds, algae, etc.
Viable
118
Synthetic toxic chemicals with ecological repercussions such as soil pollution
Insecticide, pesticide, herbicide,
119
Crystal system with 4 axes, 3 equal lengths with equal angles and same place while the 4th is perpendicular to the
Hexagonal
120
Substance that can cause permanent damage to genetic material, which may lead to hereditary genetic damage/cancer
Mutagen
121
Enzyme found in fireflies that allows them to glow
Firefly luciferase
122
True or false: hydrogen is an energy source.
False, it is an energy carrier.
123
State or path function: internal energy
State
124
Cubic structure where atoms touch along cube diagonals
Body-centered cubic structure
125
Original definition of calorie:
Amount of energy required to heat 1 g of water from 14.5 to 15.5 deg C
126
Coordination # and # of atoms of body-centered cubic structure
8, 2
127
Particle pollutants that are fine and solid; from crushing, grinding, attribution of solid materials
Dust
128
What does DDT, the toxic chemical found in pesticides, stand for?
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
129
It is the high, medium or low chance that a person or the environment will be harmed.
Risk
130
3D array of points which coincides with atom positions
Lattice point
131
Internal resistance offered by a part to an externally applied force
Stress
132
Property of material to resist deformation under stress
Stiffness
133
Crystal system with equal axes, and all axes are perpendicular
Isometric/cubic
134
Define state function
Property that doesn't depend on the path to get to the final value
135
Gaseous pollutant that is colorless, odorless and poisonous as it blocks oxygen delivery
Carbon monoxide
136
Properties of materials (metals) (13)
Strength
Stiffness
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Brittleness
Malleability
Toughness
Machinability
Resilience
Creep
Fatigue
Hardness
137
Liver is targeted by what toxin?
Hepatotoxin
138
(+) or (-): energy entering the system
(+)
139
What is materials science and engineering?
Study of combination of processing, structure and properties of materials to develop them based on desired performance/specifications.
140
Particle pollutants that are from sprayed liquid and condensation of vapors in air
Mist
141
State or path function: entropy
State
142
What is work?
Energy transfer via force moving a mass some distance against resistance
143
Material that may be metallic or non-metallic oxides
Ceramic
144
Properties of polymer
Low density
Not stiff
Not strong
Relatively inert
145
Crystal system with 2 equal axes, and all axes are perpendicular
Tetragonal
146
Crystal system with no equal axes, 2 perpendicular axes
Monoclinic
147
Adverse health effect after a single exposure to a chemical
Acute toxicity
148
True or false: CO2 molecules trap heat as they are transparent to radiation but not to sunlight.
False, CO2 is transparent to sunlight but not radiation
149
Bond disassociation energy is?
It is the amount of energy required to break a bond
150
Measurement of resilience
Amount of energy absorbed per unit volume within elastic limit
151
Relationship between bond disassociation energy and bond length
Inverse (shorter bond length requires higher BDE)
152
These are the steps taken to remove chemical hazards or decrease exposure level
Control measures
153
KE or PE: energy between two atoms
PE
154
What is the formula for kinetic energy?
KE = 1/2 mv^2
155
Cubic structure with atoms touching along diagonals
Face-centered cubic structure
156
Cemented carbide is:
Tungsten carbide (WC) and cobalt (Co)
157
Value of heat of formation of an element
Zero
158
Toughness of material increases/decreases when heated.
Decreases
159
Describe an electrolytic cell
Battery that is plugged/charging
Energy added towards it
Non-spontaneous
Cathode is negative, anode is positive
160
State or path function: heat
Path
161
Breaking bonds _ energy, while forming bonds _ energy.
Requires, releases
162
Chemical that poses potential risk to safety/health
Hazardous chemical
163
State or path function: enthalpy
State
164
Material that is a chain of H-C molecules
Polymers
165
What is kinetic energy?
Energy produced by moving objects by virtue of its velocity
166
Layers of the atmosphere
Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
167
Reversible damage to skin, eyes or airways
Irritant
168
Combination of smoke and fog
Smog
169
It is a document that provides information on the chemical hazards, advice on safe handling, use and storage, and emergency measures in case of an accident.
Safety datasheet (SDS)
170
It is a device that converts chemical energy into electric energy through electrochemical redox reaction.
Battery
171
Water pollutants that refer to water soluble inorganic chemicals such as Cd, Hg, Ni
Chemical pollutants
172
Coordination # and # of atoms of face-centered cubic structure
12, 4
173
What is heat of reaction?
Enthalpy in chemical reactions due to breaking and formation of bonds.
174
It is the type of smog that is common in warm, dry, and sunny climate with NO2 and ozone in high concentrations; contributes to haze
Photochemical smog
175
Particle pollutants that are solid or solid-liquid particles from combustion of organic matter
Smoke
176
An iron allotrope is both BCC and FCC at what temperature?
912 degC
177
What is thermal energy?
Energy produced by random motions of atoms and molecules
178
Substance that can cause cancer
Carcinogen
179
All energy flow is either _ or _.
Heat, work
180
Property of material to retain deformation after being subjected to stress
Plasticity
181
Cubic structures (3)
Simple, face-centered, body-centered cubic structures
182
Property of material to form thin sheets
Malleability
183
Which is more machinable: brass or steel?
Brass
184
Hess('s) Law states that:
Change in enthalpy for any process is independent of the particular way the process is carried out (in short, enthalpy is a state function).
185
Crystal system with no equal axes, and all axes are perpendicular
Orthorhombic
186
What is the bond formed when attractive and repulsive forces are balanced and energy is at minimum?
Covalent bond
187
Smallest repetitive volume which contains the complete lattice pattern of a crystal
Unit cell
188
Corrosive, toxic, harmful and irritation are examples of _?
Health hazard
189
Particle pollutants that are non-living organisms like smoke, dust, mist, fumes
Non-viable
190
State or path function: work
Path
191
Substance causing pollution
Pollutant
192
Cubic structure that is rare, has a low packing density
Simple cubic structure
193
It is the measure of how likely something can happen
Likelihood
194
Examples of polymers
Polyethylene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, silicone, rubber
195
Differentiate cell from battery
Cell - basic electrochemical unit of battery
Battery - consists of one or more cell connected in series, parallel or both
196
Pollutant with a source of pollution that is not easily identifiable
Non-point source
197
Ductile material commonly used in engineering practice
(In order of diminishing ductility) mild steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc
198
What is the formula for potential energy?
PE = mgh
199
_ of solar energy from the sun is absorbed by the earth's surface while _ is radiated back
75%, 25%
200
It is the natural process of maitning the warmth of Earth
Natural Greenhouse Effect
201
Why does heat flowing into a substance does not necessarily lead to increase in temperature (i.e. the temperature remains the same)?
Intermolecular forces might be too strong in solids vs. liquids, so liquid molecules have more room to move = higher KE = increase in temperature.
