Chemistry in medicine

Question 1

What causes ingestion?

Answer 1

Excess HCl in the stomach

Question 2

What are ingestion remedies

Answer 2

Metal carbonates, hydroxides or hydrogen carbonates which neutralise stomach acid

Question 3

Give the reaction of Mg(OH)2, CaCO3 and NaHCO3 with HCl

Answer 3

Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2

Question 4

What is the protective layer on the skin called ?

Answer 4

The acid mantle - Water and long chain carboxylic acids as well as lactic acids and amino acids. skin pH 4/5

Question 5

What is the blood

Answer 5

Alkaline

Question 6

What is the skins cleaning mechanism

Answer 6

Desquamation - mechanism by skin cells are shed

Question 7

What can affect your skins natural pH

Answer 7

Age, stress, dust, pollutants

Question 8

What are most soaps

Answer 8

Most soaps are alkaline in order to remove the acid mantle, some are slightly acidic as to not disrupt the acid mantle

Question 9

What causes warts

Answer 9

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 10

What dues the HPV virus cause?

Answer 10

Causes extra keratin to be produced on the top layer of the skin

Question 11

What does silver have and what against

Answer 11

Silver (Ag+) has antibacterial properties especially between E.coli and S.aureus

Question 12

What are the benefits of silver nitrate?

Answer 12

Relatively inexpensive and soluble, it was used in the treatment of conjunctivitis.

Question 13

What is more commonly used now than silver nitrate?

Answer 13

Erythromycin and tetracycline

Question 14

Draw the structure of cisplatin and transplatin

Answer 14

on page

Question 15

What is the reaction of cisplatin with water?

Answer 15

It reacts with water and one of the chloro ligands gets replaced by a water ligand
Drawing on page

Question 16

How does [Pt(NH3)2Cl(H2O)]+ act as an anticancer drug?

Answer 16

Two ways :
1. A nitrogen atom in guanine bonds to Pt displacing the water ligands
2. A hydrogen atom in one of the ammonia ligands of cisplatin H-bonds to a nitrogen or oxygen in guanine
If cisplatin is attached, guanine cant be copied and the cell dies

Question 17

How is aspirin manufactured?

Answer 17

Manufactured between the reaction of 2-hydroxybenzoic (salicylic acid) acid and ethanoic anhydride

Question 18

Draw the reaction for the production of aspirin

Answer 18

on page

Question 19

Why is ethanoic anhydride used over ethanoyl chloride

Answer 19

1. Ethanoic anhydride is less corrosive
2. Does not undergo hydrolysis as readily
3. Less hazardous, it undergoes a more controlled reaction
4. Cheaper and does not produce corrosive HCl fumes

Question 20

How is the sodium salt of aspirin made?

Answer 20

Formed when aspirin reacts with either sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate

Question 21

Draw the reactions for both and give the equation for both reactions

Answer 21

Drawing on page

With NaOH:
CH3COOC6H4COOH + NaOH → CH3COOC6H4COONa + H2O

With Na2CO3:
2 CH3COOC6H4COOH + Na2CO3 → 2 CH2COOC6H4COONa + CO2 + H2O

Question 22

How would you titrate a solution of aspirin?

Answer 22

A solution of aspirin can be titrated with NaOH with phenolphthalein as the indicator

Question 23

What can happen when Sodium hydroxide is addd to aspirin?

Answer 23

The ester group can be hydrolysed as well as acid group

Question 24

what are the conditions

Answer 24

Warmed with an excess of NaOH

Question 25

What do you need to remember about the equation

Answer 25

1 mol of aspirin will react with 2 mols of NaOH. The excess NaOH can be back titrated with HCl

Question 26

What is haem?

Answer 26

Haem is a complex of Iron (II) ion surrounded by a polyphyrin ring

Question 27

How many pairs of electrons can iron accept?

Answer 27

6 pairs of electrons from ligands

Question 28

What is the polyphyrin ring?

Answer 28

A multidentate ligand

Question 29

How much space does iron have left for ligands?

Answer 29

2 more coordinate bonds can form one above and one below. This is because 4 of the bonds are already taken up by nitrogen atoms

Question 30

What changes occur when oxygen binds and what is the complex called?

Answer 30

Conformational changes occur allowing it to bind at certain sites and the complex is called oxyhaemoglobin

Question 31

What binds more easily

Answer 31

Carbon monoxide binds more easily and make it more difficult for oxygen to binds which results in death

Question 32

What can edta4- form a complex with?

Answer 32

Ca2+ ions

Question 33

Show the formation of the complex of edta4- and Ca2+

Answer 33

Ca2+ + edta4- → [Ca(edta)]2-

Question 34

Why are calcium ions important?

Answer 34

Calcium ions are important in the clotting of blood. When edta4- removes calcium ions by sequestering them they are no longer available for the clotting of blood.

Question 35

Who would use edta4- to prevent the clotting of blood?

Answer 35

Blood banks