Chemistry In The Atmosphere Flashcards
(125 cards)
Describe the proportions of gases in the modern atmosphere
- Around 80% of N2
- 20% of O2,
- Small quantities of CO2, H2O, and noble gases
Describe the Earth’s early atmosphere and how it was formed
a) The Earth was hot when it was formed
b) There was significant volcanic activity
c) Gases have been released from these volcanoes
d) These gases included CO2, N2, CH4, NH3, H2O
How did the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increase?
Algae and plants produced the atmospheric O2 by photosynthesis, which can be represented by the equation: 6 CO2+ 6 H2O → C6H12O6+ 6 O2. As the amount of gradually O2 increased, there were more plants that produced more oxygen.
How did the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decrease?
a) Some CO2 was dissolved in the oceans, where it reacted with metal ions to form
insoluble carbonates, such as CaCO3, or was taken in by animals to become a part of
skeleton. When animal dies, this becomes a sedimentary rock.
b) Some CO2 was used in photosynthesis to make oxygen.
What is the greenhouse effect? What are greenhouse gases? Give examples
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere maintain temperatures on Earth high enough to support life.
They allow short wavelength radiation from the sun to pass through the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface, but absorb the outgoing long wavelength radiation from the Earth causing an increase in temperature.
Water vapour, carbon dioxide, and methane
Why is the greenhouse effect necessary for life?
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Without it, the Earth would be too cold for life to exist.
How have human activities led to an increase in greenhouse gases?
Carbon dioxide - combustion and deforestation
Methane - increased farming and decomposition in landfills
What are the potential effects of global climate change?
• sea level rise, which may cause flooding and increased coastal erosion
• more frequent and severe storms
• changes in the amount, timing and distribution of rainfall
• temperature and water stress for humans and wildlife
• changes in the food-producing capacity of some regions
• changes to the distribution of wildlife species
What is a carbon footprint?
The carbon footprint is the total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service or event.
What actions can be taken to reduce a carbon footprint?
• increased use of alternative energy supplies
• energy conservation
• carbon capture and storage (where CO2 is trapped in solvents and stored
underground)
• carbon taxes and licences
• carbon off-setting including through tree planting
• carbon neutrality - zero net release.
What are the challenges faced with reducing a carbon footprint?
• scientific disagreement over causes and consequences of global climate change
• lack of public information and education
• lifestyle changes (people don’t want to give up their cars)
• economic considerations (it will cost money)
• incomplete international cooperation
What are the advantages of complete combustion?
• less soot (carbon particulates) is made with complete combustion
• more heat per gram of fuel is released with complete combustion
• poisonous carbon monoxide is not produced with complete combustion
How is pollution caused by combustion?
When a fuel burns, the gases released to the atmosphere include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
Solid particles and unburned hydrocarbons may also be released that form particulates in the atmosphere.
What are the issues regarding sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen?
Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause respiratory problems in humans and cause acid rain. Acid rain damages plants and buildings.
What problems do particulates cause?
Particulates, such as carbon particles, cause global dimming by reducing the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth’s surface. Particulates cause health problems for humans because of damage to the lungs.
What is sustainable development?
Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
In the UK, potable water is produced by?
• choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
• passing the water through filter beds to remove any solids
• sterilising to kill microbes
What are the sterilising agents for potable water?
Sterilising agents used for potable water include chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light.
• Chlorine is a toxic gas so the amount added to water has to be carefully monitored.
• Using ultraviolet light to kill microbes avoids adding chemicals to the water but is more expensive
How is desalination carried out?
Desalination can be done by distillation or by processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis. These processes require large amounts of energy.
What is reverse osmosis?
Sea water is passed through a membrane that only allows through the water molecules. It needs high pressure to push the water through the membrane. The high pressure requires a lot of energy to produce.
How is wastewater produced and how is it treated?
Urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce large amounts of waste water that require treatment before being released into the environment. Sewage and agricultural waste water require removal of organic matter and harmful microbes. Industrial waste water may require removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals.
What are the processes involved in sewage treatment?
Sewage treatment includes:
• screening and grit removal
• sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
• anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
• aerobic biological treatment of effluent.
What do new methods of mining avoid in terms of disadvantages of traditional mining?
Avoids the disadvantages of traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock
What is phytomining?
Phytomining uses plants to absorb metal compounds from the soil. The plants are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains the metal compounds.
