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AP Biology Terms > chemistry of life > Flashcards

chemistry of life Flashcards

1
Q

what are the six main elements in bio?

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate, and sulfur

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2
Q

what is an atom?

A

smallest unit of matter that has properties of an element

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3
Q

what are the three subatomic particles?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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4
Q

where are protons located?

A

nucleus of atom

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5
Q

where are neutrons located?

A

the nucleus of the atom

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6
Q

where are electrons located

A

energy levels/valence shells

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7
Q

what charge does a proton have, and what does it determine?

A

positive charge, determine element

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8
Q

what charge do neutrons have, and what do different numbers of neutrons mean?

A

no electrical charge, different number of neutrons = isotopes

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9
Q

what charge do electrons have, and what do they determine?

A

negative, determine chemical bonding abilities

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10
Q

what are isotopes?

A

atoms in an element that differ in number of neutrons

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11
Q

how do you differentiate radioactive isotopes from normal atoms?

A

they give off detectable energy

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12
Q

what do radioactive isotopes allow to happen?

A

trace atoms through metabolic process, label and identify molecules, diagnosing medical disorders, dating fossils

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13
Q

why do isotopes have the same chemical properties as regular atoms of the element?

A

same number of electrons

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14
Q

in what cases do atoms share or transfer electrons?

A

when they have incomplete valence shells

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15
Q

what are chemical bonds?

A

atoms staying close together

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16
Q

what types of chemical bonds are strong?

A

covalent and dry ionic

17
Q

what types of chemical bonds are weak?

A

aqueous ionic and hydrogen bonds

18
Q

what are covalent bonds?

A

sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

19
Q

what is a molecule?

A

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

20
Q

what do covalent bonds form?

A

a cell’s molecules

21
Q

when you form a covalent bond…

A

chemical energy is stored

22
Q

when you break a covalent bond…

A

chemical energy is released

23
Q

what is electronegativity?

A

an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

24
Q

the more electronegative an atom…

A

the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

25
Q

what elements have strong electronegativity?

A

oxygen and nitrogen

26
Q

which elements have no electronegativity?

A

carbon, hydrogen, phosphate, and sulfur

27
Q

what is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

atoms share electrons equally

28
Q

what is a polar covalent bond?

A

one atom is more electronegative; atoms do not share electron equally

29
Q

what do polar covalent bonds cause?

A

it causes a partial positive or negative charge for each atom in the bond

30
Q

what do weak covalent bonds do?

A

reinforce shape of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other

31
Q

what is an ion?

A

a charged atom

32
Q

what is a cation?

A

a positively charged ion

33
Q

what is an anion?

A

a negatively charged ion

34
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

electrical attraction between an anion and a cation

35
Q

when do hydrogen bonds form?

A

when a hydrogen
atom covalently bonded to one
electronegative atom (partial +) is attracted to
another strongly electronegative atom in a
different molecule

36
Q

what types of molecules are formed by hydrogen bonds?

A

different molecules

37
Q

when hydrogen bonds are formed…

A

energy is released

38
Q

in order for hydrogen bonds to break, what must happen?

A

energy must be absorbed

39
Q

what is very important for function of a molecule?

A

structure of the molecule!!!

AP Biology Terms (3 decks)

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