Chemistry Paper 2- Major Focus Of Exam Flashcards
(282 cards)
1
Q
How can you find the speed of a reaction?
A
Recording the amount of product formed and reactants used up
2
Q
Do the fastest rates of reaction have steeper or flatter lines?
A
Steeper
3
Q
What must particles do in order to react?
A
Collide with enough energy
4
Q
What are the 4 factors that affect the rate of reaction ?
A
Temperature, concentration, surface area, presence of a catalyst
5
Q
Explain how increased temperature affects rate of reaction (4)
A
Particles gain kinetic energy
Move faster
Increased frequency of successful collisions
Increased rate of reaction
6
Q
Explain the affect of concentration on the rate of reaction (4)
A
More particles in a fixed volume
Increased frequency of successful collisions
Increased rate of reaction
7
Q
What factor does pressure act similar to in rates of reaction ?
A
Concentration
8
Q
Explain how surface area affects rate of reaction (4)
A
More particles are on show( exposed)
Increased frequency of collisions
Increased rate of reaction
9
Q
How can surface area of solid be increase?
A
Break into smaller pieces
10
Q
How does using a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?
A
Lower the activation energy- provide an alternative reaction pathway
11
Q
What’s the equation for mean rate of reaction?
A
Rate of reaction= amount of reactant used/product formed/ time
12
Q
What are the 3 different ways in measuring rate of reaction?
A
Precipitation and colour change
Change in mass
Volume of gas given off
13
Q
Describe the practical to measure rate of reaction involving sodium thiosulfate
A
Add set volume of sodium thiosulfate to flask
Place flask on paper with a cross
Add some HCL and start timer
Watch black cross disappear and time how long it takes
14
Q
What are some control variables in the sodium thiosulfate experiment
A
Volume of sodium thiosulfate and HCL
Same cross
Same person
15
Q
What can you draw to find the reaction rate at a particular point?
A
Draw a tangent
16
Q
When is equilibrium only reached ?
A
If the reversible reaction takes place in a closed system
17
Q
What 3 factors does the position of equilibrium depend on?
A
Temperature, pressure, concentration
18
Q
What do reversible reactions try to do?
A
Counteract changes
19
Q
If equilibrium lies to the right, is the concentration of products greater or less than of the reactants
A
Greater
20
Q
If you decrease the temperature, which reaction will be favoured ?
A
The exothermic direction
21
Q
If you raise the temperature, which way will the equilibrium move?
A
In the endothermic direction
22
Q
What does changing pressure only affect ?
A
A reaction involving gases
23
Q
If you increase the pressure, where will the equilibrium shift?
A
To the side with fewer gas molecules
24
Q
If the pressure is lowered, what direction does the equilibrium move?
A
In the direction with the most gas molecules
25
If you increase the concentration of reactants what will the system try to do to counter act this?
Make more products
26
When measuring rates of reaction, describe the change in mass method
When the gas is released, the mass disparaging is measured on a mass balance
Take measurements at regular intervals and plot a graph
27
What is a disadvantage of the change in mass method?
A gas is released straight into the room
28
Why is the change in mass method the most accurate?
Mass balance is very accurate
29
Describe the measure of measuring the volume of gas given off when measuring rates of reaction
Use a gas syringe, and measure volume of gas given off
30
What is an issue with the choke of gas given off method?
If the reaction is too vigorous, you can easily blow the plunger out the end of the syringe
31
What is a reversible reaction ?
Where the reaction can go forwards/backwards
32
What is equilibrium?
When the forward and backwards reaction happen at the same rate and the same time
33
Where can we find crude oil?
In rocks
34
How is crude oil formed?
Over millions of years of remains of plankton
35
What is crude oil a mixture of?
Hydrocarbons
36
What are hydrocarbons molecules made up of?
Hydrogen and carbon atoms
37
What are hydrocarbons classified as?
Alkanes
38
What is the general formula of alkanes?
CnH2n+2
39
Give 4 alkanes
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
40
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated
41
Why are alkanes saturated?
Carbon atoms are fully bonded to hydrogen atoms
42
What is another word for viscosity?
Thickness
43
Are long chain hydrocarbons very viscous or not much?
Very viscous
44
What does flammability tell us?
How easily a hydrocarbon combusts
45
Are long chain hydrogens flammable or not very flammable
Not very flammable
46
Do long chain hydrocarbons have high or low boiling points?
Very high
47
When do hydrocarbons release energy?
When they are combusted
48
In the combustion of hydrocarbons, is carbon and hypertension reduced or oxidised?
Oxidised
49
When a combustion reaction produces CO2 and water, it is incomplete or complete?
Complete
50
In fractional distillation, what is crude oil separated into?
Fractions
51
What do fractions contain?
Hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms
52
Describe the steps of how fractional distillation works
```
Crude oil heated
Hydrocarbons turns into a gas
Vapour fed into fractionating column
Vapour rises up the column
Hydrocarbons condense when they reach their boiling point
Liquid fractions are removed
```
53
Is the column hottest at the top or bottom?
Bottom
54
Are long chain hydrocarbons removed at the top or bottom of the column?
Bottom
55
Where and how are very short chain hydrocarbons removed in the column?
Right at the top, and don’t condense- they leave as gases
56
What is petrol and diesel used for?
Fuelling cars
57
What is kerosene used as?
Jet fuel
58
What is heavy fuel oil used for?
Powering ships
59
What is liquidised petroleum gas used in?
Camping stoves
60
What are some fractions used as for the petrochemical industry?
Feedstock
61
What is a feedstock?
A chemical used to make other chemicals
62
Give 4 examples of what feedstock fractions are used for
Making solvents
Lubricants
Detergents
Polymers
63
What type of bonds do alkanes have between their carbon atoms?
Single covalent
64
What is one reason why long chain hydrocarbons aren’t used as fuels?
They aren’t very flammable, so don’t combust well
65
What does cracking convert?
Long chain hydrocarbons to short chain hydrocarbons
66
What are the conditions for catalytic cracking?
High temperatures and a catalyst
67
What are the conditions for steam cracking?
High temperature and steam
68
What does cracking make?
Alkenes
69
What type of bond do Alkenes have between carbon atoms?
Double covalent
70
Why are Alkenes useful?
Used to make polymers
| Used as a starting material for other useful chemicals
71
Are Alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes?
More reactive
72
How do you test for Alkenes?
Add bromine water, shake it, and it will turn colourless from an orange colour
73
What percent is our current atmosphere made up of nitrogen?
78%
74
What percent is our atmosphere made up of oxygen?
21%
75
What kind of gases form a very little proportion of our atmospheres gases?
CO2, water vapour, noble gases like argon
76
In the early atmosphere, what do scientists think released the gases that formed it?
Volcanoes
77
What is an example of a gas released by volcanoes in our early atmosphere?
Water vapour
78
How did oceans form?
Water vapour condensed
79
Besides water vapour, what other gas did volcanoes release lots of?
Carbon dioxide
80
TRUE or FALSE? In the early atmosphere, the atmosphere consisted of lots of oxygen and little CO2
False- it consisted mainly of carbon dioxide and little oxygen
81
Besides CO2 and water vapour, what other gases(in smaller amounts) did volcanoes release?
Nitrogen, methane and ammonia
82
Compare the differences of the earths early atmosphere and the current one
Early atmosphere had high amounts of CO2, whereas the current atmosphere has very little
Current atmosphere contains lots of oxygen, whereas the early atmosphere had very little
83
What gas dissolved in oceans to form a weak acid?
Carbon dioxide
84
How did precipitates form in the sea?
The weak acids reacted with minerals
85
Over time, what did the precipitates form?
Sediments of carbonate rock on the sea bed
86
What was some of the carbon dioxide in the sea used to make?
Coral and shells or organisms like mussels
87
When the mussels died, what type of rock formed?
Sedimentary rock limestone , removing Co2
88
How did oxygen first enter the atmosphere?
Around 2.7 billion years ago, algae formed in the oceans, and photosynthesis produced oxygen
89
Over time what increases the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere?
Evolution of plants
90
What’s the final reason why the level of CO2 levels fell?
Carbon dioxide was taken in via photosynthesis, becoming trapped in fossil fuels
91
Are fossil fuels renewable or non renewable?
Non renewable
92
How is coal formed?
From the remains of ferns and trees, and if in marshy conditions, don’t decompose.
Over time, the plant remains is covered with sediment and is compressed
High temperature and pressure produces coal
93
Ultimately, what are the 2 factors that produce coal?
High temperature and pressure
94
How is crude oil formed?
```
From plankton, that die and settle in mud on the sea bed
Over time they are compressed
Heat and pressure converts them
Into
Crude oil
```
95
How is natural gas formed(simply)
From
| Plankton
96
Where does natural rubber come from?
Sap of a tree
97
What is synthetic rubber produced from?
Crude oil
98
Are fossil fuels finite?
Yes
99
Are metals finite?
Yes
100
Give an example of a renewable resource
Wood
101
What is a renewable resource?
A source that can be replaced as quickly as it is used
102
What does drink water need to have and not have?
Needs it have dissolved minerals, but no harmful microbes
103
What is potable water?
Water safe to drink
104
What does pure water contain?
No dissolved substances
105
Does potable water contain dissolved substances?
Yes
106
In the UK, what type of water provides most of our potable water?
Rain water
107
How to we obtain potable water?
Choose a source of fresh water
Pass water through filter beds
Sterilise it using chemicals
108
What’s the purpose of the filtration stage in obtaining potable water?
The remove solid materials like leaves
109
What’s the purpose of the sterilisation stage in obtaining potable water?
Kill microbes
110
What chemicals can we use for sterilisation?
Chlorine, ozone and UV light
111
In countries where water is scarce, how can potable water be produced?
By desalination
112
What does desalination reduce?
The levels of dissolved minerals down to a suitable level
113
What are 2 forms of desalination?
Distillation and reverse osmosis
114
What is a disadvantage of desalination?
Require huge amounts of energy- very expensive
115
What does waste water contain a large amount of?
Organic molecules
116
Besides organic molecules, what else does waste water contain?
Harmful microorganisms
117
What’s the first stage when doing waste water treatment?
Screening
118
What does screening involve?
The sewage passing through a mesh
119
What does screening remove?
Solids and pieces of grit
120
What’s the next stage after screening in waste water treatment?
Sedimentation
121
What does sedimentation involve?
Sewage settles in a tank- produces a liquid efficient and solid sludge(it sinks)
122
What is the sludge taken away and digested by?
Anaerobic bacteria
123
What can anaerobic bacteria produce when digesting solid sludge?
Biogas- can be burned for electricity
| Fertilisers for farming
124
How do the aerobic bacteria digest the organic molecules and harmful microorganisms of the liquid effluent?
Air is bubbled through it- providing oxygen
125
After aerobic bacteria digests it’s harmful microorganisms, where can the liquid efficient be discharged into?
Nearby rivers or the sea
126
What’s the easiest way to
| Produce potable water?
By using ground water
127
What’s a disadvantage of using aquifers for probable water?
Can be polluted by fertilisers from nearby farms
128
Is ground water potable?
Yes, once it’s been treated with chlorine
129
Why don’t we usually produce potable water via waste water treatment?
Requires many purification steps
130
What can copper be used in?
Electronic equipment
131
Why do we have to start to extract copper from low grade ores?
Copper
| Ores are becoming scarce
132
Simply, what happens in phytomining?
Plants are grown on land containing the metal compound we want
133
In phytomining what do the plants do?
They absorb the metal and concentrate it in their tissue
134
How do we extract copper once the plants have it concentrated in their tissue?
We harvest it and burn them
| Extract copper from the ash that contains a high concentration of copper
135
What does bio leaching use?
Bacteria
136
What happens in bioleaching?
Bacteria are mixed with the low grade ore
Bacteria carry out chemical reactions, producing a leachate
The leachate contains the metal
137
In the case of copper compounds, how can we extract it?(2 ways)
Displace it using iron
| Electrolysis
138
What do both phytomining and bioleaching allow us to?
Economically extract metals from low grade ores
139
What’s an advantage of phytomining and bioleaching?
Don’t involve digging or transportation of rock
140
What can ammonia be used to make?
Nitrogen-based fertilisers
141
What is ammonia produced by?
The haber process
142
What’s the equation to form ammonia?
Nitrogen+ hydrogen= ammonia
143
Where can nitrogen be extracted to make ammonia?
In the air
144
How can hydrogen be produced?
Reacting methane with steam
145
What are the conditions for the haber process?
450 degrees
200
Atmospheres pressure
Iron catalyst
146
What type of reaction is the haber process?
Reversible
147
How can we increase the yield of
| Ammonia?
Cool the ammonia to turn it into a liquid
148
What can we do to the unteaches nitrogen and hydrogen?
Recycle it
149
What’s the forward reaction of the haber process?
Exothermic
150
If we cool the temperature to increase yield, what does that result in?
A slow reaction
151
Why is 450
| Degrees a compromise temperature?
We get a relatively fast rate and relatively high yield of ammonia
152
What does the iron catalyst do?
Increase the rate of reaction
153
Besides producing a lower yield, why don’t we use a very high temperature?
Very expensive
154
What do we settle on a compromise pressure of
200
Atmospheres?
High pressure is expensive and dangerous
155
What effect does the iron catalyst have on the position of equilibrium?
No effect
156
What do fertilisers do?
Replace elements in farming
157
What do NPK fertilisers contain compounds of?
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
158
Where are NPK fertilisers produced?
In large industrial facilities
159
Compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium improve what?
Agricultural productivity
160
What are NPK fertilisers?
Formulations of different salts
161
What do the salts in NPK fertilisers contain?
The required percentage of each element needed by the plants
162
What’s the main compound of nitrogen in NPK fertilisers?
Ammonium nitrate
163
How do we make ammonium nitrate ?
Use ammonia produced by haber process and use it to produce nitric acid
React the ammonia and nitric acid
164
Where does the potassium on NPK fertilisers come from?
The salts potassium chloride or potassium sulfate
165
How can potassium chloride or potassium sulfate be extracted?
By mining
166
How can ammonium phosphate be formed?
By treating phosphate rock with nitric acid that produces phosphoric acid
Neutralise acid with ammonia
167
How can we make a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate?
By treating phosphate rock with sulfuric acid
168
What is a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate called?
Single superphosphate
169
How can we make triple
| Superphosphate?
Treating phosphate rock with phosphoric acid
170
What we do in school
| Labs to make ammonium nitrate safe to work with?
Use dilute solutions of ammonia and nitric acid
171
What do we do in duster to
| Make ammonium nitrate compared to school labs?
Ammonia used as gas
| Acid concentrated
172
Why is making ammonium nitrate in industry more dangerous that the school?
Reaction is very exothermic
173
In a school lab, what do we produce?
Crystals used a water bath and a Bunsen burner- requires lots of energy
174
In industry, what is some of the energy for evaporation provided by?
The exothermic reaction earlier
175
What’s the process called in a school lab?
A batch process
176
In industry, what is the chemical produced by?
A continuous process
177
Describe the steps to carry out a flame test
Place small
Amount of chemical into a wire mounted in a handle
Place end in blue Bunsen burner flame
178
What colour flame does lithium produce?
Crimson red
179
What colour flame does sodium make?
Yellow
180
What colour flame does potassium make?
Lilac
181
What colour flame does calcium make?
Orange-red
182
What colour flame does copper make?
Green
183
What are some disadvantages of flame tests?
Colour is difficult to distinguish if low conc of metal
| Sample containing mixture of metal can mask colour
184
What’s another technique instead of flame tests?
Flame emission spectroscopy
185
Describe how to carry out flame emission spectroscopy
Place sample of metal in solution into a flame
Light given out passes into a spectroscope
This converts light into a line spectrum
186
What are the positions of the lines in the spectrum specific to?
The given metal
187
What else can flame emission spectroscopy tell us of the metal?
It’s concentration
188
What does intensity of lines show?
Concentration
189
What is flame emission spectroscopy an example of?
An instrumental method
190
What are 3 advantages of instrumental methods?
Rapid
Sensitive
Accurate
191
States the names of 2 of the gases that made up the earths early atmosphere
Nitrogen and ammonia
192
Describe how chromatography works
Separates mixtures
Identifies different substances
Solvent will move up paper
Leaving spots on the paper
193
Describe a method to investigate how change in temp affects rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hcl
```
10cm3 of HcL and 0.5 mol of hcl
Given mass of Caco3
Repeat for at least 3 diff temperatures
Place reactants in flask
Place on scales
Measure mass after mixing
Cotton wool bung to let gas out
Measure mass every 30 seconds
Plot graph of mass against time
```
194
How can the disappearing cross practical be improved?
Use a colorimeter
195
Describe why a test resulted in a orange flame when o knew the metal contained sodium
Impure sample
| Organs flame Bunsen burner
196
Define crude oil
Mixture of different lengths of hydrocarbons
197
Why can’t you use a mixture of petrol and diesel in cars?
They are different boiling points as they are different length hydrocarbons
This can cause issues if the fuel is heated to a wrong temperature
198
Explain the need for cracking
More long hydrocarbons produced than needed
| High demand for short hydrocarbons but little produced
199
Explain the effect a catalyst has on equilibrium
No effect
| Speeds up both forwards and reverse direction
200
How can we determine the mass of salt dissolved in a sample?
Measure mass of whole sample using a basin
| Evaporate water and measure mass of basin now and determine difference
201
Compare reactions to produce ammonoium nitrate in industry and in the lab
Industry- high concentrations , exothermic reactions
Lab- reactions carried out by titstion and crystallisation
Lower concentration of reactants
202
Why isn’t crystallisation used in industry?
Slow
203
Why can’t phosphate rock be used as a fertiliser directly?
It’s insoluble, so plants can’t absorb it directly
204
Plan investigation to show presence of lithium ions and carbonate ions in tablet
```
Dissolve tablet in water
Clean metal wire
Dip wire into compound
Place in blue flame
Observe crimson flame
```
Add HCL
Bubble gas through limewater
Limewater goes cloudy
205
What name is given to mixtures like tablets
Formulations
206
Suggest 1 property of a smart polymer that is different to that of an ordinary one
Can return to original shape
207
Explain why organisms couldn’t have evolved in the early atmosphere
Little oxygen
Photosynthesis hasn’t occurred
Oxygen using organisms can’t evolve
208
Explain how methane keeps our planet warm
Allows short wave radiation to pass through and is remitted as long wave radiation
Methane absorbs and traps this radiation
209
What is in water filters that removes the hardness from water?
Hydrogen ions
210
Suggest why water filters used in homes contains particles of silver
Preventer growth of microbes
211
Benefit if drinking hard water
Maintain strong bines
212
Why does the solution become cloudy when sulfur is formed
It’s a precipitate
213
Suggest how ammonia is supersets from the other gases
Cools and liquifies to a lower temp than it’s boiling point
214
What happens to gases from the reactor
Ammonia is cooled and liquefied
| Nitrogen and hydrogen is recycled
215
Suggest why conditions used to produce ammonia are a temp of 450 and pressure of 200
Reaction is reversible
Forward reaction is exothermic, so increases temp= lower yield
Lower temp slows rate of reaction
Higher pressure increases yield as forward reactions produces fewer gas molecules
Higher pressure uses lots of energy so is expensive
216
Adv of phytomining
Reduces need to obtain new ore by mining
| Conserved limited high grade ores
217
Disadvantage of phytomining
Slow
| Land availability is limited
218
Plan investigation for chromotogrosht and calculate rf value
```
Draw pencil like on paper
Stop food colouring on line
Place solvent and paper ik besker so paper is in solvent
Solvent below pencil line
Allow solvent to rise up to the top
Mark solvejt front
Calculate rf
```
219
Why is polyethene easier to recycle than teurmosetting polymers
Easily melted and reshaped
220
What 2 compound each contain 2 of elements in npk fertilisers
Potassium nitrate and ammonium phosphate
221
Eval 2 methods for producing a large mass of ammonium nitrate
Industrial- continuous process and quicker
| Lab- small scale and slower and batch
222
Why is recycling scrap copper sustainable than processing copper ores
Less waste produced
Less energy used
Conserved ores
223
Explain how phytomining works
```
Grow plants
Plants absorb metal compound
Harvested and burned
Ash reacts with acid
Copper displaced using iron
```
224
Disadvantage of bioleaching
Produce toxic substances
225
What 2 apparatus could you find rate if production of hydrogen gas with
Gas syringe
| Stopwatch
226
Conditions for rusting
Water and air
227
Why does a nail containing a coating of paint not rust?
Paint is a barrier
228
Why does a nail rust with a coating of stainless steel
It’s resistant to corrosion
229
Why does fixing magnesium onto some ships prevent it from rusting?
Magnesium is more reactive than iron so acts as sacrificial protection
230
Why do aluminium window frames not corrode after they are made
Coating of aluminium oxide
| Protects metals
231
What are glass fibres used in
Reinforcement
232
Why is an outer skin added to the polystyrene core?
Harder
| Tougher
233
Suggest why the demand for ammonia has increased
World population increased
| Demand for fertiliser increased
234
Name given to a useful product such as methylated spirit
Formulation
235
Use of formulation
Solvent and fuel
236
Describe how ethanol is produced from sugar solution
Fermentation
Add yeast
Warm or anaerobic conditions
237
Gas produced when sodium is added to ethanol
Hydrogen
238
The percentages of co2 and o2 have changed from earths early stompshere to our atmosphere today, explain the processes that led to these changes
```
CO2 decreased
Volcanoes released water vapour
This condensed to form oceans
Carbonates produced sediments and carbon become locked up in these sediment rocks
Oxygen increased
Plants evolved
Absorb co2
By photosynthesis
Released oxygen
```
239
Why are scientists not certain about the oerventage of each gas in the earths early atmosphere
Limited evidende
240
What’s 2 potential mistakes of chromatography
Start like draw in ink
Ink dissolves and runs in solvent
Water used as solvent
Colours won’t move
241
If a chromotography paper only has one dot, what can we conclude?
It has one colour
242
Suggest why maximum allowed % of CO has been decreased for newer cars
CO is toxic
| Greater public awareness regarding pollution
243
Describe how oxides of nitrogen are produced when preform is burned in car engines
Nitrogen from air reacts with oxygen from air at high temperatures
244
2 effects of atmospheric pollution that are reduced by using catalytic converters
Acid rain
| Global dimming
245
Explain why increased pressure results in increased rate of reaction
More particles per unit volume
| Higher frequency of successful collisions
246
Why doesn’t melamine melt when it’s heated
It’s a thermosetting polymer so contains cross links
247
Why did proportion of processed solid sludge used as fertiliser increase?
Increased demand for food
| Landfill space running out
248
Compare Ethene and ethane
Both are hydrocarbons and contain 2 carbon atoms
Both have covalent bonds
Ethane contains a single carbon bond whereas Ethene contains a double carbon bond
Ethene de colourises hormone water whereas ethane doesn’t
Ethene is more reactive
Bruh react with oxygen in complete combustion
249
Suggest why only 2 spots are seen on the chromatography paper despite the ink containing more than 2 compounds
Some of compounds are colourless
250
Describe how ceramic food plates are produced from clay
Clay is shaped and heated in a furnace
251
Explain how soot is formed
Incomplete combustion due to insufficient oxygen
252
Explain how reducing the amount of sulfur in fossil fuels reduced erosion of limestone
Sulfur reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide
Less sulfur dioxide emitted
Less acid rain
Limestone reacts with acid rain
253
2 naturally occurring polymers produced from glucose
Starch and cellulose
254
Describe the shape and structure of dna
2 polymer chains
Four nucleotides
Double helix
255
Why is it more difficult to produce drinking water from waste water than water in lakes
Water needs more stages of treatment due to more microbes and organic matter
256
Compare the polymerisation reaction to produce polyethene with the polymerisation reaction used to produce a polyester
Polyethene is produced by addition whereas polyester by condensation
Polyethene produced by Ethene whereas polyester from a carboxylic acid and alcohol
Polyethene is only product
Formed whereas polyester waste is also made
257
Explain how different dyes are separated by paper chromatography
Solvent moves through paper
Different dyes have different solubilises in solvent
Different attractions to paper
So carried different distances
258
Explain in terms Dk particles how and why rate of reactions changing during faction of calcium carbonate with HcL
Acid particles used up
Less conc of reactants
Fewer frequency of successful collisions so rate if red films decreases
259
Compare Alkenes with alkanes due to their flames
Alkenes burn in a smokier flame
260
What was reacting an Alkene and hydrogen make?
Alkane
261
When you react and Alkenes with water what do we produce
Alcohol
262
What’s a condition for a hydration reaction
Water just be in the form of steam with high temp and pressure
263
Have can we increase yield of ethanol
Any I reacted Ethene and steam are passed back through catalyst
264
If we ready propene and chlorine, what do we make?
Dichloroproane
265
Formula for methanol
CH3OH
266
Formula for ethanol
C2H5OH
267
2 advantages of producing ethanol by fermentation
Low temp means doesn’t require lots of energy
| Sugar comes from plants so is renewable
268
Disadvantage of producing ethanol by fermentation
Does require lots of energy as we jeee to purify aqueous ethabol
269
Alcohols are…
Soluble in water and form neutral solutions
270
As number of carbon signs in alcohol increases, what happens to solubility?
Decreases
271
What products do we form when we react ethanol with sodium
Sodium ethoxide and hydrogen
272
What do we form when we react ethanol with an oxidising agent
Ethanoic acid and watsd
273
Structural formula for methanoic acid and ethanoic acid
HCOOH
| CH3COOH
274
Why are csrboxykic acids weak
Only partially ionise in aqueous solutions
275
When we react ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate what do we produce
Sodium Ethanoic co2
| And water
276
When we react a carboxylic acid with an alcohol what do we make
An ester and water
277
What catalyst is used when we react ethanol with Ethanoic acid
Sulfuric acid
278
Do the polymer have single or double carbon bond
Single
279
In addition polymers what does the repeating unit have the same atoms as
The monomer(eg Ethene)
280
Where are addition polymers formed from
Alkenes
281
How can the problem of reproducibility be reduced
Use a colorimeter or same printer cross
282
Explain how w measure the volume of gas practical
Use a measuring cylinder to place know vol of HcL in flask
Attach flask to bung and delivery tube
Place delivery tube in container filled with water
Place upturned measuring cylinder also filled with water over delivery tube
Add strip of magnesium to HcL
Measure vol of hydrogen gas in measuring cylinder every 10s
Repeat using diff concs of HcL
