Chemistry Presentation

Question 1

CHEMISTRY

Answer 1

Study of smallest forms of matter: atoms and molecules

Question 2

Atom

Answer 2

Smallest form of matter
Matter smaller than atoms = subatomic particles

Question 3

HOW MANY NATURALLY OCCURRING TYPES OF ATOMS ARE THERE?

Answer 3

90 Elements

Question 4

Name the three subatomic particles that compose atoms

Answer 4

Electrons
Protons
Neutrons

Question 5

Protons

Answer 5

Postitive electrical charge
Found in cluster at center of nucleus
Assigned a mass of 1amu

Question 6

NEUTRONS

Answer 6

No electrical charge
Found clustered at center of nucleus
Assigned a mass of 1amu

Question 7

ELECTRONS

Answer 7

Negative electrical charge
Orbit the nucleus at specific distances travelling at the speed of light
Insignificant mass (considered zero)

Question 8

PROPERTIES OF ATOMS DEFINITION

Answer 8

Aspects about atomic structure that determines chemical and physical properties and how it will interact with other atoms

Question 9

ATOMIC NUMBER

Answer 9

Number of protons in the nucleus
This determines what type of atom it is. All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons

Question 10

ATOMIC MASS

Answer 10

Mass of the atom
Number of protons plus number of neutrons

Question 11

ELECTRON LOCATION

Answer 11

Electrons orbit nucleus due to the protons; positive charge in the nucleus
Energy levels: distances at which electrons orbit nucleus

Question 12

Max number of electrons per energy level

Answer 12

Level 1: 2 electrons
Level 2-7: 8 electrons

Question 13

WHAT ARE VALENCE ELECTRONS
HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRONS CAN AN ATOM HAVE?

Answer 13

Outermost electrons
An atom can have 1-8 valence electrons

Question 14

ATOMIC CHARGE
NEUTRALITY

Answer 14

An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons

Question 15

ATOMIC STABILITY

Answer 15

Atoms have a tendency to try having a full outermost energy level.
Atoms are considered stable if they have a full energy level
Atoms will try to achieve stability by:
Taking electrons from other atoms to complete the existing outermost energy level
Allowing electrons to be taken away to get rid of an incomplete energy level
Sharing electrons with other atoms

Question 16

ION

Answer 16

An atom with an overall positive or negative charge
Atoms become this way by gaining or losing electrons in order to achieve stability
Atoms will give up being neutral in order to become stable

Question 17

ANION
CATION

Answer 17

Anion - Negative ions
Cation - Positive ions

Question 18

Molecule

Answer 18

Any combination of two or more atoms bonded together

Question 19

BONDS
3 TYPES

Answer 19

Ionic bond: moderately weak. Electrostatic attraction: anions and cations are drawn
Covalent bond: Shared electrons resulting in stability
Hydrogen bond: among molecules: partially positive atom in one molecule attracted to partially negative atom in another molecule (attracted to one end of the molecule)

Question 20

SOLUTE
SOLVENT
SOLUTION

Answer 20

SOLUTE: Small particles of a substance placed into and mixed with a fluid
SOLVENT: The fluids that solutes are placed into
SOLUTION: A mixture with these properties:
Solute particles need to be around the same size as the solvent particles
Transparency (allows light through)
Solute must be able to pass through biological membranes
Final combination must show no signs of solute settling

Question 21

ELECTROLYTES
Definition - function - Most common ions
2 TYPES OF ELECTROLYTES

Answer 21

A molecule that breaks up into individual ions when placed into water
Essential for nerve and muscle functions bc they help generate and play a role in electrical signals in the body
Most common ions: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Chlorine
2 types: Acids, Bases

Question 22

ACID

Answer 22

Hydrogen donors: release hydrogen ions when placed in water
0-7 on pH scale

Question 23

BASE

Answer 23

Accept hydrogen ions when placed in water
7-14 on pH scale = alkaline

Question 24

ORGANIC MOLECULES

Answer 24

Composed primarily by element Carbon

Question 25

INORGANIC MOLECULES

Answer 25

Contain no carbon

Question 26

5 COMMON TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

Answer 26

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

Question 27

CARBOHYDRATES Composed of what types of atoms Primarily used for what Structure 3 kinds

Answer 27

Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms Primarily used for energy in the body Basic structure is a carbon ring with 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygen Basic carbon rings can be strung together to form larger carbs: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Question 28

MONOSACCHARIDES Definition Use 3 most common

Answer 28

Simplest forms of carbs - single ring Used for energy and as building blocks (monomers) of larger carbs Glucose = blood sugar Galactose = similar to glucose but not easily used by our bodies. Easily converted. Fructose = sugar found in fruit and honey, converted to glucose in our bodies.

Question 29

DISACCHARIDES Definition Use 3 most common

Answer 29

Two monosaccharides bonded together used primarily for energy A specific enzyme is used to break apart the bonded monos. Sucrose = cane sugar Lactose = milk sugar Maltose = found in some grains

Question 30

POLYSACCHARIDES

Answer 30

Long chains of monosaccharides Cellulose: used by plants for structure, undigestable (fiber) Starch: used by plants for energy storage, digested into single monos Glycogen: used by animals to store extra energy. Long chain of glucose molecules

Question 31

LIPIDS Composition Specific property 4 types

Answer 31

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and very few oxygen atoms - carbon atoms often exist as linear chains surrounded by mostly hydrogen atoms Hydrophobic 4 types: Fatty Acids Triglycerides Phospholipid Steroids

Question 32

FATTY ACIDS

Answer 32

Simplest type of lipid molecule Single, linear chain of at least 4 carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms with acid group on one end Can be saturated or unsaturated Saturated = every available bond along cabon chain is with a hydrogen atom Unsaturated = at least 2 carbon atoms are double bonded to each other Used for energy and for building more complex lipids

Question 33

TRIGLYCERIDES

Answer 33

Type of lipid molecule Group of 3 fatty acids attac hed to a glycerol molecule Used to store fatty acids in adipose tissue for energy In substantial quantities they provide thermal insulation and cushioning

Question 34

PHOSPHOLIPID

Answer 34

Type of lipid molecule Two fatty acids attached to a phosphate molecule Phosphate end is hydrophilic Fatty acids (tails) are hydrophobic ^Called AMPHIPHILIC Used to create membranes around cells and organelles

Question 35

STEROIDS

Answer 35

Type of Lipid molecule Four rings of carbon atoms bonded together Cholesterol is used to stabilize plasma membranes around cells and to create the other types of steroids Other steroid molecules are used as hormones (chemical messengers) for communication from cell to cell

Question 36

PROTEINS Structure Amino acid composition 8 functions

Answer 36

Structure: very large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms These atoms come together first to form amino acid molecules Protein = 50+ amino acids Peptides = less than 50 amino acids Functions: Membrane transport Catalysis Recognition Protection Movement Cell adhesion

Question 37

AMINO ACIDS Definition Composition 20 kinds - how many essential and what is the other kind? 4 examples of the 20 kinds

Answer 37

Smallest protein-related molecule Assembled using peptide bonds 9 are essential (must be consumed) 11 can be produced in the body 4 ex Methionine Cysteine Tyrosine Argenine

Question 38

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Answer 38

Large molecules involved in the process of how to make proteins DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule containing info along its length for the order of amino acids needed to make the body’s proteins RNA (ribonucleic acid) comes in several forms that help to interpret the info found along the DNA molecule