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Year 10 Chemistry > Chemistry Semester 2 Knowledge > Flashcards

Chemistry Semester 2 Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

Non-polar molecule

A

Molecule that has no positive or negative poles formed in it.

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2
Q

Degenerate

A

of equal energy

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3
Q

Difference between Saturated and unsaturated molecule

A

Saturated - contains only single bonds between carbon atoms, they are saturated with hydrogen atoms (having as many hydrogens as it can) and undergoes substitution reactions.

Unsaturated - contains double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, they are not saturated with hydrogens and undergo addition reactions

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4
Q

Homologous series

A

a sequence of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

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5
Q

What are the three main types of hydrocarbons and their characteristics?

A

Alkanes - molecule only has single bonds.
Alkenes - molecule can have single/double bonds.
Alkynes - can have single/double/triple bonds

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6
Q

General formula for the three main types of hydrocarbons

A

Alkanes - CnH2n+2
Alkenes - CnH2n
Alkynes - CnH2n-2

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7
Q

What prefixes correlate to what number of C atoms?

A

Meth - 1
Eth - 2
Prop - 3
But - 4
Pent - 5
Hex - 6
Hept - 7
Oct - 8
Non - 9
Dec - 10

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8
Q

Identify Three main types of Intermolecular forces (from strongest to weakest)

A
  1. Hydrogen bonding
  2. Dipole-dipole interactions
  3. Dispersion forces
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9
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

A strong type of dipole-dipole force between a H atoms and lone pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom (usually N, O, F, Cl).

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10
Q

Dipole-Dipole interactions

A

attraction between two molecules with each of them having dipoles (seperation between negative and positive charge) present

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11
Q

Dispersion forces (London forces)

A

It is the attraction between weak temporary dipoles that form due to the random movement of electrons.

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12
Q

Polarity

A

the state of an atom or molecule that has both the electrical poles, positive and negative charges.

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13
Q

Characteristics

A

A feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify them.

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14
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared (within a covalent molecule) electrons to itself.

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15
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighbouring molecules. This is not bonding.

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16
Q

Covalent bond

A

Bond forming between non-metallic atoms, where elements share electrons to fill outer shells.

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17
Q

Organic

A

Relating to or derived from living matter.

18
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A molecule that only contains hydrogen and carbon.

19
Q

Side chain/Alkyl group

A

A group formed by removing a hydrogen from an organic molecule and having a smaller alkane group.

20
Q

Functional Group

A

An atom or group of atoms in an organic compound that determines the reactivity/characteristics of that compound

21
Q

Alcohols

A

A class of organic molecule that contains a hydroxyl group (-OH)

22
Q

Aldehydes

A

A class of organic molecule that contains a carbonyl group (-CO-) at the end of the main chain

23
Q

Ketones

A

A class of organic molecule that contains a carbonyl group (-CO-) within the main chain.

24
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

A class of organic molecule that contains a Carboxyl group (-COOH)

25
Q

Haloalkanes

A

A class of organic molecule that has had at least one halogen instead of hydrogen.

26
Q

Esters

A

A class of organic molecule that contains a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to another carbon

27
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formulas but different structures.

28
Q

How do you identify a Homologous series?

A

any of numerous groups of chemical compounds in each of which the difference between successive members is a simple structural unit.

29
Q

Substitution

A

reactions in which an atom or functional group of a compound is replaced by an atom or functional group of another compound

30
Q

Addition

A

reactions in which atoms or functional groups are added to a compound across a double (or triple) bond

31
Q

Metals properties

A

Appearance - Lustrous
Melting/boiling points - High (they are all solids, except for mercury which is a liquid)
Density - High
Strength - strong
Malleability - Malleable
Ductility - ductile
Heat conductivity - high
Electrical conductivity - high

32
Q

Non metals properties

A

Appearance - Dull
Melting/Boiling point - lower than metals (bromine is a liquid at room temperature, and eleven others are gases)
Density - low
Strength - not strong
Malleability - brittle
Ductility - not ductile
Heat conductivity - low
Electrical conductivity - poor (graphite is exception)

33
Q

Periodic table trends/patterns in Atomic/Ionic Radii

A
  1. Atomic radius - increases down the group and decreases across a period.
  2. Ionic radius - decreases across the period in positive ions and negative ions. And generally increases down the group.
34
Q

Periodic table trends/patterns in Reactivity

A

Metals - increased reactivity down the group and reactivity decreases across a period.
Non-metals - reactivity increases up the group and reactivity increase across a period.

35
Q

Periodic table trends/patterns in electronegativity

A

electronegativity increases up the group and increases across a period.

36
Q

Periodic table trends/patterns in ionisation energy

A

ionisation energy increases across a period and up the group

37
Q

Periodic table trends/patterns in metallic/non-metallic character

A
  1. Metallic character increases down the group and decreases across a period.
  2. Non metallic character increases across a period and up the group.
38
Q

Draw and name Shapes of molecules

A

Linear​
Bent​
Tetrahedral​
Trigonal Planar​
Trigonal pyramidal

Note: Check PowerPoint slide 33 on Term 4

39
Q

Spectroscopy

A

Looks at the interaction between matter and the electromagnetic spectrum. When electrons decay/move back to lower energy levels, they give off energy in the form of light. ​

All elements give off a certain wavelength of light (which assigns it a specific colour), when analysed the wavelengths can determine the composition.

40
Q

When working with two or more double/triple bonds, what are the prefixes?

A
  • diene, triene, etc.
  • diyne, triyne, etc.
41
Q

When working with two or more double/triple bonds, what happens to the organic compound prefixes?

A

Except for Meth and eth, all organic compound prefixes get an ‘a’ added to it.

42
Q

Suffixes for all classes of Organic compounds

A

Carboxylic acid: -oic ad
Alcohol: -ol
Aldehyde: -al
Ester: -oate
Ketone: -one

Year 10 Chemistry (2 decks)

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