Chemistry Vitros 5600 Flashcards
Acetaminophen is a commonly used therapeutic drug with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Acetaminophen measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of acute overdose, which can result in severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
ACET (acetaminophen)
Acid phosphatase is the name given to a group of phosphatase a with optimal activity below pH 7.0 and found in various tissues including liver, spleen, prostate, erythrocytes, and platelets. Determination of prostatic acid phosphatase activity in serum is useful in monitoring carcinoma of the prostate
AcP (acid phosphatase)
Of all serum proteins, albumin is present in the highest concentration. It maintains the plasma onoctic pressure and the transport of many substances. Increased serum albumin may indicate dehydration or hyperinfusion with albumin; a decrease is found in rapid hydration, over hydration, severe malnutrician and malabsorption, severe diffuse liver necrosis, chronic active hepatitis, and neoplasia. Albumin is commonly reduced in chronic alcoholism, pregnancy, renal protein loss, thyroid dysfunction, peptic ulcer disease, and chronic inflammatory diseases.
ALB (albumin)
Ethanol is the most commonly encountered toxic substance. The measurement of ethanol is used in the diagnosis and treatment of alcohol intoxication and poisoning. Chronic ethanol use has been linked to liver disease, high blood pressure, cardiac disease, and birth defects. Acute ethanol intoxication can result in coma and death.
ALC (alcohol)
Alkaline phosphatase is present mainly in bone, liver, kidney, intestine, placenta, and lung. Serum alkaline phosphatase may be elevated in increased bone metabolism, for example, in adolescents and during the healing of a fracture; primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism; Paget’s disease of bone; carcinoma metastatic to bone; osteogenic sarcoma; and Hodgkin’s disease if bones are invaded. Hepatobiliary diseases involving cholestasis, inflammation, or cirrhosis increased alkaline phosphatase activity; alkaline phosphatase activity may be increased in renal infarction and failure and in the complications of pregnancy. Low alkaline phosphatase activity may occasionally be seen in hypothyroidism.
ALKP (alkaline phosphatase)
Alanine aminotransferase is present in high activity in liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and kidney. Serum ALT increases rapidly in liver cell necrosis, hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, liver rumors, obstructive jaundice, Reye’s syndrome, extensive trauma to skeletal muscle, myosotis, myocarditis, and myocardial infarction.
ALT (alanine amino transferase)
Ammonia is a waste product of protein catabolism; it is potentially toxic to the central nervous system. Increased plasma ammonia may be indicative of hepatic encephalopathy, hepatic coma in terminal stages of liver cirrhosis, hepatic failure, acute and subacute liver necrosis, and Reye’s syndrome. Hyper ammonemia may also be found with increasing dietary protein intake.
AMON (ammonia)
Amylase is an amylolytic digestive enzyme produced by the exocrine pancreas and salivary glands. Amylase is increased in acute pancreatitis, pancreatic abscess or pseudo cyst, pancreatic trauma, amyloidosis, pancreatic neoplasm, common-bile-duct obstruction, and after thoracic surgery. Increased amylase activity may be found in mumps parotitis and renal insufficiency.
AMYL (amylase)
Aspartame amino transferase is present in high activity in heart, skeletal muscle trauma, alcohol cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, and drug-induced hepatitis.
AST (aspartate amino transferase)
Jaundice has been classified as unconjugated and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Increased plasma-unconjugated bilirubin is commonly seen in hemolytic disorders, Gilbert’s syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, neonatal jaundice, and ineffective erythropoiesis and in the presence of drugs competing for glucuronide. Increased plasma-conjugated bilirubin occurs with hepatobiliary disorders, including intrahepatic biliary tree obstruction, liver cell damage, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome. Neonatal bilirubin, the sum of Bu and Bc, is I creased in erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn), which causes jaundice in the first two days of life. Other causes of neonatal jaundice includ physiologic jaundice, hematoma/hemorrhage, hyperthyroidism, and obstructive jaundice.
BuBc (bilirubin, unconjugated and conjugated)
The major pathway of nitrogen excretion is in the form of urea that is synthesized in the liver, released into the blood, and cleared by the kidneys. A high serum urea nitrogen occurs in glomerulonephritis, shock, urinary tract obstruction, pyelonephritis, and other causes of acute and chronic renal failure. Severe congestive heart failure, hyperalimentation, diabetic ketoacidosis, dehydration, and bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract elevate urea nitrogen. Low urea nitrogen often occurs in normal pregnancy, with decreased protein intake, in acute liver failure, and with intravenous fluid admin.
BUN/UREA (blood urea nitrogen)
Calcium is the major mineral component of bone; 99% of the body’s calcium is in bone. Calcium ions play an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses and in maintaining normal muscle contraction. Abnormal concentrations of serum calcium may indicate malfunction of the parathyroid glands, bone diseases, carcinoma, malnutrition and malabsorption syndrome, vitamine D deficiency, overdose with calcium-containing antacids, and renal diseases.
Ca (calcium)
There are two types of cholinesterase:
Acetylcholinesterase which is found in red blood cells and nerve tissues.
Cholinesterase which is found in plasma, liver, heart, and other tissues.
These measurements are useful in the diagnosis of pesticide poisoning, liver diseases and sensitivity to succinylcholine admin.
CHE (cholinesterase)
Cholesterol is present in tissues and in serum and plasma either as cholesterol esters bound to proteins.
Cholesterol is an essential structural co potent of cell membranes and the outer layer of plasma lipoproteins and is the precursor of all steroid hormones, including sex and adrenal hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.
Cholesterol measurements are used to evaluate the risk of developing coronary artery occlusions, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular disease. Coronary atherosclerosis correlates with a high cholesterol level. Cholesterol concentrations are increased in primary hypercholesterolemia; secondary hyperlipoproteinemmia, including nephrotic syndrome; primary biliary cirrhosis; hypothyroidism; and in some cases diabetes mellitus. Low cholesterol concentration depends on many factors, including age and gender.
CHOL (cholesterol )
Creating kinase, also referred to ascertained phosphor insane, is a cellular enzyme with a wide tissue distribution. CK is found mainly in skeletal and cardiac muscle. CK physiological role is associated with ATP generation for contractile or transport systems. Serum CK is almost always increased following acute myocardial infarction or skeletal muscle damage. The enzyme is commonly elevated I myocarditis of any cause, cerebrovascular accidents, rhabdomylosis, polymyosititis, and acute physical exertion.CK is also increased in the muscular dystrophies; in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, CK elevations of 20-200 times normal are common. Low CK may reflect decreased muscle mass or muscle wasting. Reference values for CK must consider the age, gender, and physical activity of the person. Low serum CK activities are common in the elderly, in the bedridden and in patients with advanced malignancy.
CK (creating kinase)
