Chemistry Vocab Review

Question 1

Natural Transmutation

Answer 1

-Unstable nuclei undergo transmutation and decay
-Decay is spontaneous
-1 reactant

Question 2

Chemical Reactions

Answer 2

-Rearrangement of electrons
-Mass, energy, and charge conserved

Question 3

Nuclear Reactions

Answer 3

-Change in an atom’s nucleus to create a new kind of atom
-Charge is conserved
-Tiny piece of mass converted to energy
-Rate of reaction is independent of external factors
-Large amounts of energy compared to chemical reactions
-Table O in reference tables
-Fission, fusion, transmutation

Question 4

Radioactive rays

Answer 4

-Can ionize matter
-makes uncharged matter charged
-High energy
-Can penetrate matter
-Cause phosphorescent chemicals to glow

Question 5

Artificial Transmutation

Answer 5

-Bombardment of 1 nucleus with another particle
-NOT spontaneous
-2 reactants

Question 6

Alpha Particle

Answer 6

-Largest mass
-2 neutrons, 2 protons
-Weakest penetrating power
-Most ionizing power

Question 7

Beta Particle

Answer 7

-Low mass
-Mid penetrating power & ionizing power
-Unstable nucleus emits a high energy electron

Question 8

Gamma Rays

Answer 8

-High energy photons of light
-Least mass
-Highest penetrating power
-Least ionizing power

Question 9

Positron

Answer 9

-Positively charged electron
-Similar to Beta Particle: low mass, mid penetrating and ionizing.

Question 10

Reference Table O

Answer 10

Nuclear Symbols

Question 11

Nuclear Fission

Answer 11

-Neutron bombards an atom, causing it to split apart.
-Energy used in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs
-Creates less energy than fusion

Question 12

Nuclear Fusion

Answer 12

-Two nuclei unite to form a heavier nucleus
-High temperature and pressure required
-Occurs on the sun
-Creates MORE energy than fission

Question 13

Radioisotopes

Answer 13

Isotopes that naturally decay

Question 14

Nuclear stability

Answer 14

-An atom that has a ratio of 1:1, proton:neutron, is the MOST STABLE
-The further from 1:1, more unstable
-Isotopes with unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay

Question 15

Decay Series

Answer 15

1 radioactive nuclide changing to another until it is stable
-Parent and daughter nuclides

Question 16

Half-Life

Answer 16

-The amount of time needed for exactly 1/2 of a sample of a radioisotope to decay
-Cannot be sped up or slowed down

Question 17

Benefits of Nuclear Reactions

Answer 17

-Nuclear power plants have less pollution, and are cheaper and more efficient
-Radioactive dating is used for dating rocks and once living organisms
-Certain isotopes are used for medical purposes
-Used to sterilize food

Question 18

Uranium-238 is used for…

Answer 18

dating rocks

Question 19

Carbon-14 is used for…

Answer 19

dating once living organisms

Question 20

Iodine-131 is used for…

Answer 20

treating thyroid disorders

Question 21

Cobalt-60 is used for…

Answer 21

cancer treatment

Question 22

Rules for Sig Figs

Answer 22

-All natural numbers 1-9 count once
-Zeroes always count between natural numbers
-Zeroes before a decimal never count
-Zeroes after natural numbers only count if there is a decimal present

Question 23

Adding and subtracting with Sig figs

Answer 23

Round answer to the least number of decimal places
EX: 2.0 + 5.61 = 7.61 = 7.6

Question 24

Multiplying and dividing with Sig figs

Answer 24

Round answer to least number of significant figures
EX: (13.91 g/cm^3)(23.3 cm^3) = 324.103 g = 324

Question 25

Risks of Nuclear Reactions

Answer 25

-Too much exposure to radioactive decay can cause illness -Waste takes a long time to decay -Process of decay is harmful to humans -Waste storage is a concern

Question 26

Mass

Answer 26

The amount of matter an object contains

Question 27

Volume

Answer 27

The amount of space a substance occupies

Question 28

Density

Answer 28

Ratio of mass of an object to its volume (d=m/v) -Use table S to solve for mass or volume if density is not given

Question 29

Temperature

Answer 29

Measure of average kinetic energy

Question 30

Celsius scale for temperature

Answer 30

-Freezing point of water: 0 degrees C -Boiling point of water: 100 degrees C -Below 0 degrees is negative -Celsius to kelvin conversion on Table T

Question 31

Kelvin scale for temperature

Answer 31

-Water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K -No negative numbers -K=degrees C + 273

Question 32

Absolute zero

Answer 32

Theoretical point on kelvin scale at which all motion stops

Question 33

Matter

Answer 33

Anything that has mass and takes up space --NOT light, heat, or sound

Question 34

Mixture

Answer 34

-Matter that can be physically separated -2 or more different substances physically combined -Varying composition -Each substance keeps its own properties -No chemical formula is given because there is no fixed ratio

Question 35

Homogenous mixture (solution)

Answer 35

-Can be physically separated -Uniform composition

Question 36

Heterogenous mixture

Answer 36

-Can be physically separated -NOT uniform composition

Question 37

Pure substance

Answer 37

-Matter that cannot be physically separated -Each substance has the same composition -Elements and compounds

Question 38

Compounds

Answer 38

-Cannot be physically separated -Can chemically decompose -Made up of 2 or more different atoms chemically combined -Have a fixed composition -2 or more combined symbols with 2 or more capital letters -Homogenous

Question 39

Elements

Answer 39

-Cannot be physically separated -Cannot chemically decompose -Made up of all the same atoms -Single symbol with 1 capital letter -Homogenous

Question 40

Monoatomic elements

Answer 40

Composed of single atoms NOT bonded

Question 41

Diatomic elements

Answer 41

-2 of the same type of elements bonded together -SEVEN UP -Br, I, N, Cl, H, O, F

Question 42

Aqueous

Answer 42

Able to be dissolved in water

Question 43

Separate mixtures by . . . (5 options)

Answer 43

Based on physical properties like: -Boiling/freezing point -Particle size -Magnetism -Density -Solubility

Question 44

Filtration

Answer 44

Physically separates a solid from a liquid

Question 45

Distillation

Answer 45

Physically separates a mixture of 2 or more different liquids based on boiling point

Question 46

Evaporation

Answer 46

Physically separates an aqueous solution

Question 47

Chromatography

Answer 47

Physically separates particles based on size and polarity

Question 48

Solid

Answer 48

Definite volume, shape. Particles vibrate. Symbol: (s)

Question 49

Liquid

Answer 49

Definite volume, takes shape of a container, more spread out than solid, constant motion. Symbol: (l)

Question 50

Gas

Answer 50

No definite volume, fills a container (spread out), compressible, greatest amount of movement. Straight line motion until it hits something to change the trajectory. Symbol: (g)

Question 51

Standard Temperature and Pressure

Answer 51

-STP -Table A

Question 52

Physical Properties/Changes

Answer 52

Characteristics that don't change the substance: -Density -Crushing -Solubility -Conductivity -Melting/boiling -phase changes