CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC

Question 1

drugs designed to target foreign
organisms that have invaded and infected the body of a human
host.

Answer 1

ANTIINFEVTIVE AGENTS

Question 2

Vary in effectiveness against invading
organisms

Answer 2

Spectrum of Activity

Question 3

Cause cell death

Answer 3

batericidal

Question 4

Interfere with the ability of the cells to
reproduce or divide

Answer 4

BACTERIOSTATIC

Question 5

Reasons for incapability of the
immune system to deal with
invading organisms:

Answer 5

1. antiinfective drugs cannot
   toally eliminate the pathogen
   without causing severe toxicity
   to the host.
2. These patients do not have
   the inflammatory or immune
   response in place to deal with
   with even a few invading
   organisms

Question 6

Involves a complex interaction
among chemical mediators,
leukocytes, lymphocytes,
antibodies, and locally released
enzymes and chemicals.

Answer 6

Human Immmune Response

Question 7

When response is completely
functional and all necessary
proteins, cells, and chemicals are
being produced by the body, it
can isolate and eliminate foreign
proteins (bacteria, fungi, virus)

Answer 7

Human Immune Response

Question 8

can be natural or acquired and
refers to the ability over time to
adapt to an antiinfective drug
and produce cells that are no
longer affected by a particular
drug.

Answer 8

Resistance

Question 9

is important in preventing
the development of resistance.

Answer 9

drug dosing

Question 10

treatment of infections
before they occur

Answer 10

prophylaxis

Question 11

ADVERSE REACTIONS TO ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY

Answer 11

1. kidney Damage
2. Gastrointestinal Toxicity
3. Neurotoxicity
4. Hypersensitivity Reaction
5. Superinfection

Question 12

Occurs more frequently with drugs that are metabolized by the kidney
and then eliminated in the urine

Answer 12

kidney damagae

Question 13

Many anti-infective agents have direct toxic effects on the cells
lining the GI tract, causing nausea, vomiting, stomac

Answer 13

Gastrointestinal Toxicity

Question 14

Some antiinfectives can damage or interfere with the function of
nerve tissue, usually in areas where drugs tend to accumulate in
high concentrations

Answer 14

Neurotoxicity

Question 15

Most of these agents, which are protein
bound for transfer through the cardiovascular system, are able to
induce antibody formation in susceptible people.

Answer 15

hypersensitivity

Question 16

One offshoot of the use of anti-infectives, especially broadspectrum anti-infectives, is destruction of the normal flora

Answer 16

superinfection

Question 17

are infections that occur when opportunistic pathogens that were
kept in check by the “normal” flora bacteria have the opportunity
to invade tissues.

Answer 17

superinfection

Question 18

chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria

Answer 18

antibiotics

Question 19

Antibiotic are made three ways

Answer 19

1. Living of Microorganism
2. Synthetic Manufacturer
3. Genetic Engineering

Question 20

Are those whose cell wall retains a strain known as Gram’s strain or
resists decolorization with alcohol during culture and sensitivity testing

Answer 20

Gram Positive Bacteria

Question 21

Gram Positive Bacterial usually found at the

Answer 21

Respiratory Tract or soft tissues

Question 22

Gram negative Bacterial is usually found at the:

Answer 22

genitourinary tract and gi tract

Question 23

Are those whose cell walls lose a strain or are decolorized by alcohol

Answer 23

Gram Negative Bacteria

Question 24

Depend on oxygen for survival

Answer 24

Aerobic Bacteria

Question 25

Do not use oxygen

Answer 25

Anaerobic bactera

Question 26

Do not use for longer than 7 to 10 days

Answer 26

Aminoglycoside

Question 27

Group of powerful antibiotics used to treat serious infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacilli

Answer 27

Aminoglycoside

Question 28

Sample of aminoglycoside

Answer 28

amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tobramy

Question 29

Are poorly absorbed from the GI tract but rapidly absorbed after intramuscular (IM) injections

Answer 29

Pharmacokinetic of Aminoglycoside

Question 30

Are relatively new class of broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Answer 30

Carbapenem

Question 31

Example of Carbapenem

Answer 31

Meropenem, Diropenem, Ertapenem, Imipemen-clistatin

Question 32

Not for use in patients younger than 18 years old

Answer 32

ertapenem

Question 33

Used with caution in patients with inflammatory bowel disorders

Answer 33

Meropenem

Question 34

Effective against gram-positive bacteria that are affected by penicillin G, as well as the gram-negative bacteria P. mirabilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae * cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin

Answer 34

1st generation Cephalosporin

Question 35

Effective against previously mentioned strain as well as H. influenza, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Neisseria species

Answer 35

2nd generation of Cephalosporins

Question 36

Effective against all of the previously mentioned strains, as well as gram-negative bacilli Serratia marcescens * cefdinir, cefotaxime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone

Answer 36

3rd generation of Cephalosporins

Question 37

active against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms including cephalosporin resistant staphylococci and P. aeruginosa

Answer 37

4th gen of Cephalosporins

Question 38

Interfere with the action of DNA enzymes necessary for the growth and reproduction of the bacteria leading to cell death

Answer 38

Flurouquinolones

Question 39

indicated for treating infections caused by susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus rettgeri,Morganella morganii, M. catarrhalis, H. infl uenzae, H. parainfluenzae, P. eruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, some Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and group D streptococci infections frequently include urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin infections

Answer 39

Flurouquinolones

Question 40

was the first antibiotic introduced for clinical use.

Answer 40

Penicilin

Question 41

used Penicillium molds to produce the original penicillin in the 1920s.

Answer 41

Alexander Fleming

Question 42

Drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis

Answer 42

sulfonamides

Question 43

competitively block paraaminobenzoic acid to prevent the synthesis of folic acid in susceptible bacteria that synthesize their own folates for the production of RNA and DNA

Answer 43

sulfonamides

Question 44

were developed as semisyntheticantibiotics based on the structure of a common soil mold.

Answer 44

Tetracycline

Question 45

Contains 4 rings

Answer 45

Tetracycline

Question 46

Their absorption is affected of tetracycline is affected by

Answer 46

food, calcium, iron and drugs

Question 47

* the group of bacteria that contain the pathogens that cause tuberculosis and leprosy are classified on the basis of their ability to hold a stain even in the presence of a “destaining” agent such as acid. Because of this property, they are called “acidfast” bacteria.

Answer 47

mycobacteria

Question 48

Was first introduced in 2004

Answer 48

ketolides

Question 49

block protein synthesis within susceptible bacteria, leading to cell death

Answer 49

ketolides

Question 50

similar to the macrolides but are more toxic

Answer 50

lincosamides

Question 51

First introduced in 2010 * televancin

Answer 51

lypoglycopeptide

Question 52

They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with the polymerization and crosslinking of peptidoglycans. They bind to the bacterial membrane and disrupt the membrane barrier function causing bacterial cell death

Answer 52

lipogylcopeptide

Question 53

are antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria * erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin

Answer 53

macrolides

Question 54

Prophylaxis for endocarditis before dental procedures in high-risk patients with valvular heart disease who are allergic to penicillin

Answer 54

macrolides

Question 55

Available as an IV drug only

Answer 55

lipoglycopeptide

Question 56

treating complicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by susceptible gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. It must be given IV over 30 minutes, once each day for 7 to 14 days, which makes its use inconvenient.

Answer 56

Daptomycin

Question 57

It is approved to treat C. difficile diarrhea and to prevent recurrence. It is given orally twice a day

Answer 57

Fidaxomycin

Question 58

This drug is indicated specifically for treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant and methicillin-resistant strains of bacteria.

Answer 58

Linezolid

Question 59

It is approved for use in the treatment of complicated skin and skinstructure infections and intra-abdominal infections caused by susceptible bacteria

Answer 59

Tigecycline

Question 60

Affects the E. coli bacteria, which cause traveler’s diarrhea. It is also approved for treating hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 60

Rifaximin