chemotherapeutic agents

Question 1

: the use of chemicals to kill or inhibit microorganisms

Answer 1

Chemotherapy

Question 2

1928____________ - is known for the accidental discovery of penicillin on petri plate contaminated with the fungus Penicillium notatum

Answer 2

Alexander Fleming

Question 3

1939 Howard Florey and Ernst Chain - based on Fleming’s publications, demonstrated effectiveness of penicillin and gave penicillin to

Answer 3

mice… those that survived were affected and those that died were not affected

Question 4

who discovered streptomycin?

Answer 4

Selman Waksman

Question 5

streptomycin is made from what ?

Answer 5

made by streptomyces (soil organisms)

Question 6

natural (derived from bacteria or fungi) or artificial compounds that can kill (-cidal) or inhibit (-static) `bacteria or fungi.

Answer 6

Antibiotics:

Question 7

Broad Spectrum Antibiotic: can kill or inhibit the growth of

Answer 7

both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and/or fungi.

Question 8

what type of antibiotic is used when you dont know what type of infection it is ?

Answer 8

Broad spectrum antibiotic

Question 9

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic:

Answer 9

can kill or inhibit only specific bacteria or fungi.

Question 10

which type of antibiotic is used when you know what the organism is ?

Answer 10

Narrow spectrum antibiotic

Question 11

1. Competition:

Answer 11

compounds that chemically (structurally) resemble a bacterial metabolite

Question 12

2. Inhibition of Cell wall synthesis

Answer 12

Example: penicillin, cephalosporins

Question 13

3. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 13

Example: actinomycin, rifampin, griseofulvin(antifungal)

Question 14

4.Inhibition of protein synthesis

Answer 14

Example: chloramphenic, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline

Question 15

Disruption of Cell membranes

Answer 15

Example: amphotericin B, Nystatin (antifungals)

Question 16

what are the 3 problems with antibiotics?

Answer 16

• allergy
• toxicity
• bacterial resistance

Question 17

Allergy:

Answer 17

ranges from mild to fatal

Question 18

Toxicity:

Answer 18

damage to specific organs

Example: Tetracyclines - irritate intestinal tract, liver damage and discoloration of primary teeth.

Example: Streptomycin: kidney damage and hearing loss

Question 19

3. Bacterial Resistance:

Answer 19

some bacteria contain plasmids which contain genes that produce enzymes that destroy or inactivate antibiotics

Question 20

which drug is structural analogue of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is used in the synthesis of the cofactor Folic Acid

Answer 20

Sulfonamides

Question 21

When ___________ enters a bacterial cell it competes with PABA for the active site of an enzyme involved in Folic Acid synthesis

Answer 21

sulfonamide

Question 22

Folic Acid is essential to synthesis of purines and pyrimidines in a ________ drug

Answer 22

sulfonamide

Question 23

which drug drug does not affect human cells

Answer 23

Sulfonamides

Question 24

5 % of the population is allergic (fever, hives, rash) to the ____________ drug

Answer 24

Sulfonamides

Question 25

this drug also Also inhibits Folic acid synthesis but at a different step in the process

Answer 25

Trimethoprim (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole)

Question 26

this drug Acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase or Topoisomerase II, probably by binding to the DNA gyrase complex

Answer 26

Quinolones

Question 27

this drug disrupts DNA Replication, Repair and Transcription

Answer 27

Quinolones

Question 28

Quinolones could be considered a _____________ antibiotic

Answer 28

Broad spectrum

Question 29

this drug Works well on | E. coli + Klebsiella pneumoniae

Answer 29

Quinolones

Question 30

this drug also works on Haemophilus, Neisseria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (Cuases strep throat) , Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Chlamydia

Answer 30

Quinolones

Question 31

what is the name of the first antibiotic discovered?

Answer 31

penicillin aka Benzylpenicillin

Question 32

Most penicillins are derive from

Answer 32

6-aminopenicillanic acid

Question 33

_____________ is essential for activity of a penicillin

Answer 33

B-lactam ring

Question 34

this drug is thought to block the synthesis of a complete, fully cross-linked peptidoglycan ---> osmotic lysis (act only on growing bacteria)

Answer 34

Penicillins

Question 35

this drug inhibits the growth of peptidoglycan

Answer 35

penicillin

Question 36

____________is destroyed by stomach acid, works on N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis and Gram (+) pathogens (Staphylococci and Streptococci)

Answer 36

Penicillin G

Question 37

_________is more acid resistant of the penicillins

Answer 37

Penicillin V

Question 38

this antibiotic __________(broader spectrum, oral) ----> works on Gram negative Haemophilus, Salmonella, Shigella

Answer 38

Ampicilin

Question 39

these drugs are Broad-Spectrum, works on Pseudomonas and Proteus

Answer 39

Carbenicillin and Ticarcillin ---

Question 40

1 - 5 % of the population is allergic to

Answer 40

penicillin

Question 41

_____________ were Isolated from Cephalosporium fungus in 1948

Answer 41

Cephalosporins

Question 42

this drug Inhibits transpeptidation reaction during peptidoglycan synthesis

Answer 42

Cephalosporins

Question 43

Cephalosporins are _______spectrum antibiotics

Answer 43

Broad

Question 44

4 ring structure with different side chains are

Answer 44

Tetracyclines

Question 45

Inhibit protein synthesis by combining with the small (30 S) subunit of the ribosome therefore aminoacyl-tRNA cannot bind to the ribosomal A site ---> therefore bacteriostatic

Answer 45

Tetracyclines

Question 46

this antibacterial drug is a Broad spectrum [Gram (+), Gram (-), Rickettsias, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasmas]

Answer 46

Tetracyclines

Question 47

High dose of this drug can cause nausea, diarrhea, yellowing of 1o teeth, kidney and liver damage

Answer 47

Tetracyclines

Question 48

(Aminoglycosides) | Streptomyces produce

Answer 48

Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Tobramycin

Question 49

(Aminoglycosides) | Micromonospora purpurea produces

Answer 49

Gentamicin